TABLE 2.

The biological function of propofol in cancer cell by regulation of miRNA or lncRNA

miRNA/lncRNA	Cancer types	miRNA or lncRNA regulated by propofol	Downstream gene regulated by miRNA or lncRNA	Functions	Ref.
miRNA	Epithelial ovarian cancer	Upregulates miR‐let‐7i	/	Inhibits cells proliferation and induces apoptosis	43
	Pancreatic cancer	Upregulates miR‐133a	/	Inhibits cells proliferation and invasion	44
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Upregulates miR‐219‐5p	Inactivates Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway	Inhibits cells proliferation and metastasis	45
	Osteosarcoma	Upregulates miR‐143	Downregulates MMP‐13	Inhibits cells proliferation and invasion; induces cells apoptosis	46
	Ovarian cancer	Upregulates miR‐9	Downregulates NF‐κB signalling pathway	Inhibits cells invasion and proliferation	47
	Gastric cancer	Upregulates miR‐195, miR‐29 family and miR‐140‐5p	Downregulates JAK/STAT, NF‐κB pathways, MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and Bcl‐2; Upregulates cleaved caspase‐3	Inhibits the cell proliferation, migration and invasion; induces cell apoptosis	48, 49, 50
	Non‐small cell lung cancer	Upregulates miR‐486 and miR‐1284	Upregulates E‐cadherin; downregulates N‐cadherin, vimentin and Snail	Inhibits the cell proliferation, metastasis and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition process; promotes apoptosis	51, 55
	Pancreatic cancer	Upregulates miR‐328	/	Inhibits cells growth and metastasis	53
	Colorectal cancer	Upregulates miR‐124‐3p.1	Downregulates AKT3	Inhibits cells proliferation and metastasis	54
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Downregulates miR‐374a	Inhibits Wnt/β‐catenin and PI3K/ AKT pathways	Inhibits cell viability, migration and invasion; promotes apoptosis	55
	Gastric cancer	Downregulates miR‐221	/	Inhibits the proliferation and invasion; promotes apoptosis	56
	Pancreatic cancer	Downregulates miR‐21	Inhibits Slug pathway; increases PUMA and E‐cadherin	Inhibits cell growth and invasion	57
	Breast cancer	Downregulates miR‐21 and miR‐24	Inactivates PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β‐catenin and p27	Inhibits cells proliferation and EMT; promotes apoptosis	58, 59
	Non‐small cell lung cancer	Downregulates miR‐372	Inactivates Wnt/β‐catenin and mTOR signalling pathways	Inhibits cells growth, migration and invasion	60
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Downregulates miR‐142‐3p	Downregulates RAC1	Inhibits cells metastasis	62
lncRNA	Colon cancer	Downregulates HOTAIR	Inactivates Wnt signalling pathway	Inhibits cell metastasis and promotes cell apoptosis	65
	Colorectal cancer	Downregulates HOXA11‐AS	Upregulates miR‐let‐7i	Promotes cell apoptosis	66
	Gastric cancer	Downregulates MALAT1	Downregulates ATG5	Promotes cell apoptosis and reduces chemoresistance	67

Abbreviations: AKT, protein kinase B; ATG5, autophagy‐related genes 5; Bcl‐2, B‐cell lymphoma‐2; HOTAIR, HOX antisense intergenic RNA; HOXA11‐AS, HOXA11 Antisense RNA; JAK, Janus kinase; MALAT1, metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF‐κB, nuclear factor‐kappa B; p27, cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase; RAC1, Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Wnt, wingless and proto‐oncogene integration‐1.