Table 5.

Effects of frequency downwind for different age groups.

	3-yr mortality rate for				3-yr mortality rate for
	65–74 year olds:				50–64 year olds from:
Dependent variable:	All causes		Cardio-respiratory		All causes		Cardio-respiratory
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Estimation method:	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS
Frequency downwind	0.005	0.004	0.009	0.009	−0.003	−0.002	−0.002	−0.004
	(0.010)	(0.014)	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.003)	(0.004)
Effect of 1 SD change in frequency downwind	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000	−0.001
Dependent variable mean	0.058	0.058	0.030	0.030	0.022	0.022	0.009	0.009
N	9796	9796	9796	9796	10,659	10,659	10,659	10,659

Notes: Each cell represents a separate regression of the dependent variable on the percentage of time spent downwind of a major highway (OLS) or instrumented percentage of time spent downwind of a major highway (2SLS). The observation is the census block, and the sample is limited to census blocks with centroids between a minimum of 50 m and a maximum of 600 m from major highways. The instruments are a set of seven indicator variables summarizing orientation to the nearest major highway. Parentheses contain spatial standard errors with a 3200 m bandwidth. All regressions include controls for distance to highway, weather station fixed effects, 800 m highway segment fixed effects, share African-American, and share over ages 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75.