Table 7.

Effects of frequency downwind on placebo measures.

	Share of population:								External-cause mortality rate among:
Dependent variable:	Over 75		Over 65		Owning residence		African-American		75+ year olds		All residents
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Estimation method:	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS
Frequency downwind	0.012	0.016	0.019	0.029	0.073	0.078	−0.010	−0.035	−0.0007	−0.0010	−0.0015	−0.0022
	(0.009)	(0.013)	(0.015)	(0.023)	(0.071)	(0.074)	(0.028)	(0.036)	(0.0018)	(0.0024)	(0.0009)	(0.0015)
Effect of 1 SD change in frequency downwind	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.004	0.010	0.010	−0.001	−0.005	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Dependent variable mean	0.053	0.053	0.109	0.109	0.518	0.518	0.119	0.119	0.0020	0.0020	0.0012	0.0012
N	9027	9027	9027	9027	9022	9022	9027	9027	9027	9027	9027	9027

Notes: Each cell represents a separate regression of the dependent variable on the percentage of time spent downwind of a major highway (OLS) or instrumented percentage of time spent downwind of a major highway (2SLS). The observation is the census block, and the sample is limited to census blocks with centroids between a minimum of 50 m and a maximum of 600 m from major highways. The instruments are a set of seven indicator variables summarizing orientation to the nearest major highway. Parentheses contain spatial standard errors with a 3200 m bandwidth. All regressions include controls for distance to highway, weather station fixed effects, 800 m highway segment fixed effects, share African-American, and share over ages 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75.