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. 2020 Sep 15;88(6):459–469. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.03.010

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© 2020 Society of Biological Psychiatry.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Cross-lagged analysis between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep disturbance in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Random-intercepts cross-lagged panel model of ADHD total score and sleep disturbance from ages 7 to 13 years in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (n = 1601). Standardized estimates (95% confidence intervals) are presented. Solid lines represent statistical significance (p < .05), whereas dashed lines represent nonsignificance (p > .05). Model fit: root mean square error of approximation = 0.04; comparative fit index = 0.98; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.96; standardized root mean square residual = 0.04. ^aPathways constrained to 1.00 to isolate between-person factor.