Table 2.
Results of the subgroup analyses for motivation/engagement outcomes.
| Moderator | na | kb | gc | 95% CI | P value | Qwd | P value | Qbe | P value | |
| Cognitive domain |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
—f | — | |
|
|
Arithmetic ability | 57 | 1 | 1.64 | 0.13 to 3.16 | .03 | — | — |
|
|
|
|
Attention | 61 | 1 | 0.02 | -1.45 to 1.49 | .98 | — | — |
|
|
|
|
Executive control | 27 | 1 | 1.00 | -0.59 to 2.59 | .22 | — | — |
|
|
|
|
Inhibition | 169 | 2 | 0.62 | -0.43 to 1.65 | .25 | 8.84 | .003 |
|
|
|
|
Working memory | 200 | 3 | 0.67 | -0.20 to 1.54 | .13 | 12.74 | .002 |
|
|
| Age group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.94 | .33 | |
|
|
Adults | 282 | 4 | 0.51 | -0.12 to 1.13 | .11 | 18.86 | <.001 |
|
|
|
|
Children and adolescents | 232 | 4 | 0.96 | 0.30 to 1.61 | .004 | 12.19 | .007 |
|
|
| Population type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.14 | .71 | |
|
|
Low risk | 298 | 4 | 0.63 | -0.08 to 1.34 | .08 | 11.99 | .007 |
|
|
|
|
High risk | 216 | 4 | 0.82 | 0.10 to 1.54 | .03 | 27.74 | <.001 |
|
|
| Game elements type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
— | — | |
|
|
Achievement, progression, and immersion | 408 | 6 | 0.69 | 0.12 to 1.26 | .02 | 26.12 | <.001 |
|
|
|
|
Achievement, progression, immersion, and social | 106 | 2 | 0.84 | -0.15 to 1.83 | .10 | 13.14 | <.001 |
|
|
an: combined sample size.
bk: number of studies.
cg: Hedges g.
dQw: heterogeneity statistics within each group.
eQb: heterogeneity statistics between groups.
fNot available due to insufficient observations.