Table A1.
Field studies using scheduled light exposure for night-shift workers.
| Results | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authors, Reference | Treatment Period | 0- Condition | Lighting Setup | E (lx) ‡, Spectrum, Tcp (K) | Protocol †† | N | Phase Shift | Subj. Sleep | Obj. Sleep | Sub. Alertness | Cog. Performance | Others | |
| Boivin et al. [44] |
|
E = 111 lx | light box, blue-blocking goggles | 2000 lx Full |
|
a | 15 | + * (Mel., CBT) | X (TST) | ||||
| Boivin et al. [45] |
|
E = 111 lx | light box, blue-blocking goggles | 2000 lx Full |
|
a | 15 | + ** (Mel., CBT) | X (TST) | + * (TST) | |||
| James et al. [46] |
|
E = 111 lx | light box, sunglasses | 2000 lx Full |
|
a | 11 | + ** (Cort.) | |||||
| Boivin et al. [47] |
|
light box, sunglasses | 1350 lx Full |
|
a | 15 | X | X | X | + * | + *** (UaMT6s) | ||
| Boudreau et al. [48] |
|
light box, sunglasses | 1350 lx ‡‡ Full |
|
a | 15 | X | X | + * (WASO) + ** (HRV) |
+ * (VAS) | X | X (mood) | |
| Budnick et al. [29] |
|
ambient | 4000–8000 lx |
|
29 | X | X | X | |||||
| Huang et al. [49] |
|
100–400 lx | light box & sunglasses | 7000–10,000 lx Full |
|
92 | + *** (ISI) | + *** (HADS) | |||||
| Karchani et al. [50] |
|
300 lx | ambient | 2500–3000 lx |
|
90 | + *** | ||||||
| Lowden et al. [51] |
|
300 lx | ambient | 2500 lx, full (5000 K) |
|
b | 18 | + * (Mel.) | + * (TST) | + * (KSS) | |||
| Motamedzadeh et al. [52] |
|
352 lx, Tcp = 2500–3000 K | ambient | 354 lx, full (6500 K) |
|
30 | + ** (Mel.) | + *** (KSS) | X | ||||
| 350 lx, full (17,000 K) |
|
30 | + ** (Mel.) | + *** (KSS) | + * | ||||||||
| Sasseville et al. [23] |
|
130 lx | special fixture & blue-blocking goggles | 200 lx (500 nm, 66 μW/cm2) |
|
c | 4 | + * (TST,SL) | + * | X(errors) | |||
| Yoon et al. [25] |
|
100–500 lx + 10,000 lx (1 h) | light box | 4000–6000 lx Full |
|
12 | + * (TST, SE) | X | + * | ||||
| Light box & sunglasses | 12 | + ** ( TST, SE) | X | + ** | |||||||||
| Bjorvatn et al, [3] |
|
light box | 10,000 lx Full |
|
d,e | 17 | x | X (KSS) X (ATS) |
|||||
|
d,f | 17 | + * (SQ) | + ** (KSS) + ** (ATS) |
|||||||||
| Bjorvatn et al. [53] |
|
200–300 lx | light box | 10,000 lx, Full |
|
g | 17 | + * (SL) | X | X (KSS) X (ATS) |
X (reaction time) | ||
|
g | 17 | + * (TST) | X | X (KSS) + * (ATS) |
X (reaction time) | |||||||
| Ross et al. [27] |
|
300 lx (red light) | Light box | 2500–3000 lx Full |
|
14 | + ** | + * (SL) | X (mood) | ||||
| Tanaka et al. [28] |
|
Eh = 530–640 lx | light box | 6666 lx full |
|
b | 61 | + * (VAS) | + ** (KSS) + *** (CISQ) |
X(PVT) | X(errors) | ||
| Thorne et al. [26] |
|
Sunglasses | Light box | 3000 lx ‡‡, full 1 mW/cm2 |
|
h | 10 | X | + * (SQ) | + ** (TST) + * (SE) |
|||
† dark-grey areas = nightshift; light-grey areas = day shift; T = light exposure treatment; ‡ presumably measured at eye-level; ‡‡ continuously measured; †† black areas = light exposure; grey areas = work shift; dashed areas = varying timing; a as workload permitted; b self-selected; c progressive extension of exposure duration to 7 h across days; d start of treatment scheduled 3 h before habitual awakening; e delay of scheduled start 1 h per day; f delay of scheduled start 2 h per day; g start of treatment ≥ 2 h before habitual awakening; h advance of scheduled start 1 h per day; * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001; + = positive effect; x = no effect; CBT = core body temperature; UaMT6s = urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin; Cort. = cortisol; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; Mel. = melatonin; SE = sleep efficiency; SL = sleep latency; SQ = sleep quality; TST = total sleep time; HADS = hospital anxiety depression scale; WASO = wake after sleep onset; ATS = accumulated time of sleepiness; VAS = visual analogue scale; CISQ = checklist individual strength.