Table 4.

Cardiac dysfunction measured by echocardiography in T2DM rats

Parameters	Control	Diabetes
HMI (mg/g)	2.26 ± 0.09	2.84 ± 0.13**
HR (bpm)	379.31 ± 2.34	341.13 ± 22.43
CO (ml/min)	46.44 ± 3.29	43.74 ± 3.01
EF (%)	84.80 ± 2.58	54.05 ± 2.87**
FS (%)	55.19 ± 3.75	35.13 ± 0.76**
IVRT (ms)	22.67 ± 0.87	35.30 ± 1.37**
E/A (ratio)	1.66 ± 0.04	0.72 ± 0.04**
ESV (μl)	20.41 ± 4.16	105.86 ± 9.72**
EDV (μl)	140.34 ± 9.41	228.80 ± 9.54**
LVIDs (mm)	2.30 ± 0.18	4.37 ± 0.11**
LVIDd (mm)	5.16 ± 0.19	6.72 ± 0.16**
LVPWs (mm)	3.17 ± 0.13	3.38 ± 0.14
LVPWd (mm)	2.30 ± 0.13	2.32 ± 0.08
IVSs (mm)	2.99 ± 0.11	3.25 ± 0.07
IVSd (mm)	2.05 ± 0.06	2.22 ± 0.07

Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M., n = 5, **P < 0.01 vs Control

T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus, HMI Heart mass index, HR Heart rate, CO Cardiac output, EF Ejection fraction, FS Fractional shortening, IVRT Isovolumic relaxation time, E/A The ratio of early (E) to late (A) left ventricular filling velocities, ESV or EDV End-systolic or end-diastolic volume, LVIDs or LVIDd Left ventricle internal diameter at end-systole or end-diastole, LVPWs or LVPWd Left ventricle posterior wall thickness at end-systole or end-diastole, IVSs or IVSd Interventricular septum thickness at end-systole or end-diastole