Table 1.

Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection

Characteristics	SARS-CoV	MERS-CoV	SARS-CoV-2
Epidemiology
Outbreaks (year)	2002–2004	2012, 2015, 2018	2019–2020
Confirmed cases	8,422	2494	6,799,713*
Death	916	858	397,388*
Mortality rates %	11	34.4	5.8*
Age (years)	44	56	51–56
Sex ratio (male to female)	0.8:1	3.3:1	1.7:1
Underlying diseases %
Diabetes	24	36–66	11–19
Hypertension	19	31–65	19–30
Cardiovascular disease	10	20–41	4–8
Malignancy	3	2	0.5–1
Symptoms %
Fever	99–100	40–100	94
Cough	62–100	29–100	79–81
Dyspnea	40–42	48–100	40
Myalgia	45–61	32	15–32
Headache	20–56	13	10–14
Sore throat	9–25	7–83	5–8
Nausea or vomiting	20–35	21	4
Diarrhea	20–32	26	5
Laboratory findings %
Lymphopenia	65–89	34	40–65
Increased CRP	78	63	52–86
Thrombocytopenia	33–46	36	23–42
LDH elevation	56–87	49	67–98

CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

^aSituation on June 07, 2020