Table 3.
Mean SDS by sex, sport, and college year.
| Total | Men* | Women* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| All athletes | 5.8 | ±2.7 | 5.7 | ±2.6 | 6.0 | ±2.9 |
| College year*** | ||||||
| 0b,c,e | 5.4 | ±2.4 | 5.4 | ±2.4 | 5.4 | ±2.4 |
| 1a | 6.2 | ±2.9 | 6.0 | ±2.8 | 6.4 | ±3.0 |
| 2a | 6.4 | ±3.0 | 6.1 | ±2.8 | 6.7 | ±3.2 |
| 3 | 6.1 | ±2.8 | 5.6 | ±2.5 | 6.8 | ±3.1 |
| 4a | 7.2 | ±2.9 | 7.3 | ±3.1 | 7.0 | ±2.8 |
| Sport | ||||||
| Baseball (men only) | 5.1 | ±2.8 | — | — | — | — |
| Basketball | 5.9 | ±2.8 | 5.9 | ±2.8 | 5.8 | ±2.8 |
| Bowling | 6.0 | ±2.6 | 5.1 | ±2.4 | 7.0 | ±2.5 |
| Cross country | 5.8 | ±2.3 | 5.6 | ±1.6 | 5.9 | ±2.7 |
| Football (men only) | 5.9 | ±2.7 | — | — | — | — |
| Golf | 6.4 | ±3.1 | 5.3 | ±2.4 | 7.0 | ±3.3 |
| Lacrosse | 5.6 | ±2.2 | 5.4 | ±2.1 | 6.1 | ±2.6 |
| Rugby | 4.5 | ±2.4 | 4.2 | ±2.2 | 4.7 | ±2.6 |
| Soccer | 5.9 | ±2.8 | 5.7 | ±2.6 | 6.3 | ±3.0 |
| Softball (women only) | 6.7 | ±3.0 | — | — | — | — |
| Swimming and diving | 5.8 | ±2.7 | 5.8 | ±2.9 | 5.8 | ±2.3 |
| Tennis | 5.9 | ±3.1 | 6.0 | ±3.4 | 5.8 | ±3.2 |
| Track and field | 5.8 | ±2.5 | 5.4 | ±2.3 | 6.0 | ±2.6 |
| Volleyball (women only) | 4.9 | ±2.6 | — | — | — | — |
| Wrestling (men only) | 5.8 | ±2.7 | — | — | — | — |
| Multisport | 5.8 | ±2.6 | 5.3 | ±2.4 | 6.1 | ±2.7 |
Sleep Difficulty Score (SDS) is measured on a scale of 0–17 with a higher value indicating greater sleep difficulty. SDS is reported as mean and standard deviation, stratified by sex, sport, and entering year of college. Statistically significant differences were found between sex (independent sample t test P = .024), and college year (one-way ANOVA P < .001). For statistical significance *indicates P ≤ .05 and ***indicates P ≤ .001. For post hoc pairwise comparisons between college year (P ≤ .05), aindicates statistically significant difference from year 0, bindicates statistically significant difference from year 1, cindicates statistically significant difference from year 2, dindicates statistically significant difference from year 3, and eindicates statistically significant difference from year 4. SD = standard deviation.