Table 4.

Odds ratios (95% CI) for physical frailty transitions and loneliness

	3 -year period (2008–2011)				6-year period (2008–2014)
	Remaining robust and prefrail	Worsening	Improvement	Remaining frail	Remaining robust and prefrail	Worsening	Improvement	Remaining frail
Total
never	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
seldom	0.99	1.05	1.03	1.15	0.98	1.02	0.99	2.47**
	(0.87–1.13)	(0.90–1.21)	(0.86–1.23)	(0.76–1.73)	(0.83–1.15)	(0.85–1.22)	(0.77–1.26)	(1.25–4.85)
often	0.78**	1.19*	1.14	1.00	0.84	1.34**	0.85	1.88
	(0.68–0.91)	(1.01–1.41)	(0.94–1.39)	(0.67–1.51)	(0.70–1.01)	(1.08–1.66)	(0.65–1.12)	(0.93–3.79)
Female
never	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
seldom	1.00	1.01	1.02	1.17	1.01	1.12	0.77	1.77
	(0.83–1.21)	(0.82–1.25)	(0.79–1.32)	(0.73–1.87)	(0.80–1.28)	(0.86–1.46)	(0.55–1.08)	(0.83–3.77)
often	0.85	1.04	1.07	0.96	0.94	1.20	0.78	1.40
	(0.69–1.05)	(0.82–1.32)	(0.82–1.40)	(0.60–1.53)	(0.73–1.21)	(0.89–1.60)	(0.55–1.10)	(0.65–3.02)
Male
never	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
seldom	0.99	1.08	1.03	1.35	0.96	0.92	1.28	12.68*
	(0.83–1.18)	(0.88–1.33)	(0.80–1.34)	(0.55–3.32)	(0.77–1.20)	(0.71–1.18)	(0.90–1.82)	(1.66–96.71)
often	0.73**	1.37*	1.25	1.37	0.75*	1.54**	0.94	8.89
	(0.59–0.89)	(1.07–1.75)	(0.93–1.68)	(0.58–3.24)	(0.57–0.99)	(1.13–2.11)	(0.61–1.44)	(0.75–105.30)

***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05;

Sample size: 2008–2011 waves: total participants: 5689; for female participants:2866; for male participants:2823;

2011–2014 waves: total participants: 3529; for female participants:1776; for male participants:1753

Notes: Model had been adjusted for age, components number in the frail scale at baseline, residence, education year, living arrangement, relative economic status, smoking and drinking alcohol at baseline. In total participants, adjustment for gender was also performed