Table 1.
General characteristics of COVID-19 patients at baseline, according to hydroxychloroquine use.
| Hydroxychloroquine | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No (N=817) | Yes (N=2,634) | P-value unadjusted* |
| Age-median (IQR-yr.) | 73 (58-83) | 66 (55-77) | <.0001 |
| Gender- no (%) | <.0001 | ||
| Women | 361 (44.2%) | 940 (36.7%) | |
| Men | 456 (55.8%) | 1,694 (64.3%) | |
| Diabetes- no (%) | 0.71 | ||
| No | 633 (77.5%) | 2,090 (79.3%) | |
| Yes | 162 (19.9%) | 515 (19.6%) | |
| missing data | 22 (2.7%) | 29 (1.1%) | |
| Hypertension - no (%) | 0.31 | ||
| No | 378 (46.3%) | 1,294 (49.1%) | |
| Yes | 416 (50.9%) | 1,312 (49.8%) | |
| missing data | 23 (2.7%) | 28 (1.1%) | |
| Ischemic heart disease- no (%) | <.0001 | ||
| No | 610 (74.7%) | 2,190 (83.1%) | |
| Yes | 179 (21.9%) | 398 (15.1%) | |
| missing data | 28 (3.4%) | 46 (1.8%) | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease- no (%) | 0.21 | ||
| No | 666 (81.5%) | 2,225 (84.5%) | |
| Yes | 127 (15.5%) | 369 (14.0%) | |
| missing data | 24 (2.9%) | 40 (1.5%) | |
| Cancer- no (%) | 0.036 | ||
| No | 694 (84.9%) | 2,338 (88.8%) | |
| Yes | 101 (12.4%) | 262 (9.9%) | |
| missing data | 22 (2.6%) | 34 (1.3%) | |
| CKD stage**- no (%) | <.0001 | ||
| Stage 1 | 241 (29.5%) | 970 (36.8%) | |
| Stage 2 | 281 (34.4%) | 991 (37.6%) | |
| Stage 3a or stage 3b | 180 (22.0%) | 487 (18.5%) | |
| Stage 4 or stage 5 | 89 (10.9%) | 143 (5.4%) | |
| missing data | 26 (3.2%) | 43 (1.6%) | |
| C Reactive Protein- no (%) | 0.0003 | ||
| <1 mg/L | 104 (12.7%) | 256 (9.7%) | |
| 1-3 mg/L | 120 (14.7%) | 301 (11.4%) | |
| >3 mg/L | 549 (67.2%) | 1,943 (73.8%) | |
| missing data | 44 (5.4%) | 134 (5.1%) | |
| Lopinavir or Darunavir use | <.0001 | ||
| No | 621 (76.0%) | 1,203 (36.7%) | |
| Yes | 196 (24.0%) | 1,431 (64.3%) | |
| Tocilizumab or Sarilumab use | <.0001 | ||
| No | 755 (92.4%) | 2,160 (82.0%) | |
| Yes | 62 (7.6%) | 474 (18.0%) | |
| Remdesivir use | 0.0015 | ||
| No | 808 (98.9%) | 2,551 (96.9%) | |
| Yes | 9 (1.1%) | 83 (3.1%) | |
| Corticosteroids use | <.0001 | ||
| No | 596 (73.0%) | 1,655 (62.8%) | |
| Yes | 221 (27.0%) | 979 (37.2%) | |
| Clusters of hospitals | <.0001 | ||
| Northern regions (except Milan) (n) | 169 (20.7%) | 616 (23.4%) | |
| Milan (m) | 161 (19.7%) | 525 (19.9%) | |
| Center regions (except Rome) (c)) | 303 (37.1%) | 747 (28.4%) | |
| Rome (r) | 94 (11.5%) | 390 (14.8%) | |
| Southern regions (s) | 90 (11.0%) | 356 (13.5%) | |
(n) include hospitals of Novara, Monza, Varese, Pavia, Cremona and Padova; (m) include Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, and hospitals of San Donato Milanese (Milano) and Cinisello Balsamo (Milano); (c) include hospitals of Modena, Ravenna, Forlì, Firenze, Pisa, Chieti and Pescara; (r) include National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; (s) include hospital of Napoli, Pozzilli (Isernia), Acquaviva delle Fonti (Bari), Foggia, Taranto, Catanzaro, Catania and Palermo
*Chi-square test. **Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2); Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2); Stage 3a: Moderate reduction in GFR (45-59 mL/min/1.73 m2); Stage 3b: Moderate reduction in GFR (30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2); Stage 4: Severe reduction in GFR (15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2); Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or dialysis).