Table 3.
Other optical fluorescence agents
| Study | Year | Study type | No. of patients | Tumor type | Fluorescence agent | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Litvack et al. [44] | 2012 | prospective, single center | N = 9 | 4 null cell adenomas, 1 adrenocorticotrophic adenoma, 2 growth hormone secreting adenoma, 1 prolactinoma, 1 mammosomatotrophic adenoma | 10 or 25mg ICG bolus | hypervascularity in prolactinoma and Acromegaly, NFMA had varying degree of contrast in fluorescence |
| Hide et al. [29] | 2015 | prospective, single center | N = 26 | n/a | 12.5mg ICG bolus | - average time of peak color value of normal pituitary (29.5 seconds) and PA (31 seconds) was not significant - median peak intensity of normal pituitary (123) and PA (136.5) |
| Sandow et al.[45] | 2015 | prospective, single center | N = 22 | 13 Acromegaly, 6 Cushing’s, 3 presented with other symptoms. (6 macroadenomas, 15 microadenoma, 1 MRI negative) | 25mg ICG bolus | 11 cases directly visualized, 11 cases indirectly visualized. Lesions detected in all microadenoma and negative MRI patients. |
| Verstegen et al. [30] | 2016 | prospective, single center | N = 10 | 4 NFMA, 4 Cushing’s, 1 Acromegaly, 1 Prolactinoma | 5mg ICG bolus | 1 PA positive fluorescence, 8 had weak or no fluorescent signal and 1 could not be discriminated from normal pituitary. Mean FCR 1.5 ± 0.2 |
| da Silva et al. [46] | 2016 | prospective, single center | N = 1 | n/a | 1g of sodium fluorescein 20% | Strongly positive sodium fluorescein enhancement |
| Lee et al. [32] | 2017 | prospective, single center | N = 15 | 6 NF adenomas, 3 somatotrophic adenoma, 5 corticotropic adenomas, 1 corticotroph and somatotroph cells | 25mg Benadryl and 0.025mg/kg OTL38 infused over course of 1 hour given 2 to 4 hours prior to surgery | - high folate overexpression (H > 200) had SBR of 3 ± 0.27 - low folate expression had a SBR of 1.6 ± 0.43 - NIR fluorescence: 86% sensitive and 89% specific for all tumors - Visible light: 80% sensitive, 89% specific for all tumors |
| Cho et al.[31] | 2018 | prospective, single center | N = 14 | 9 null-cell adenomas, 2 silent gonadotrophic adenomas, and 3 silent somatotrophic adenomas | 25mg Benadryl and 0.025mg/kg OTL38 infused over course of 1 hour given 2 to 4 hours prior to surgery | - NIR fluorescence: 100% sensitive, 100% specific - without fluorescence: 83% sensitive.100% specific |