Table 3.

External validation performance in terms of AUC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV (95% CI). The Tier 1 Outpatient Model was evaluated on the Zhongnan Hospital dataset [26]. The Tier 2 model was evaluated on the Tongji Hospital dataset [21].

	Tier 1 Outpatient Model	Tier 2 Biomarker Model
AUCa	0.79 (0.70-0.88)	0.97 (0.95-0.99)
Sensitivity	0.76 (0.68-0.82)	0.89 (0.84-0.93)
Specificity	0.73 (0.65-0.80)	0.93 (0.89-0.96)
PPVb	0.50 (0.42-0.58)	0.94 (0.90-0.96)
NPVc	0.89 (0.83-0.94)	0.88 (0.83-0.92)

^aAUC: area under the curve.

^bPPV: positive predictive value.

^cNPV: negative predictive value.