Table 1. Characteristics of the study population: CSF-determined AD cases, CSF-determined controls, and population controls.
| CSF AD cases | CSF controls | Population controls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | (N = 1,593) | (N = 805) | (N = 11,723) | p-Valuea | p-Valueb |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 72.8 (8.3) | 67.1 (10.3) | 65.6 (10.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 883 (55.4) | 402 (49.9) | 5,525 (47.1) | 0.011 | <0.001 |
| MMSE, mean (SD)c | 21.4 (5.9) | 25.6 (4.4) | 27.5 (1.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Education, n (%)d | 0.005 | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 83 (6.8) | 56 (9.3) | 612 (5.2) | ||
| Medium | 334 (27.3) | 195 (32.4) | 9,079 (77.4) | ||
| High | 805 (65.9) | 350 (58.2) | 2,032 (17.3) | ||
| APOE genotype, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| ε2/ε2 | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 73 (0.6) | ||
| ε2/ε3 | 67 (4.2) | 113 (14.0) | 1,440 (12.3) | ||
| ε3/ε3 | 514 (32.3) | 518 (64.3) | 7,560 (64.5) | ||
| ε2/ε4 | 43 (2.7) | 8 (1.0) | 220 (1.9) | ||
| ε3/ε4 | 701 (44.0) | 161 (20.0) | 2,267 (19.3) | ||
| ε4/ε4 | 265 (16.6) | 3 (0.4) | 163 (1.4) | ||
| CSF biomarkers, pg/mL, mean (SD) | |||||
| CSF Aβ42 | 357.4 (177.5) | 803.6 (346.7) | — | <0.001e | |
| CSF tau | 535.3 (400.4) | 181.3 (88.7) | — | <0.001e | |
| CSF p-tau 181 | 83.2 (49.9) | 35.0 (12.8) | — | <0.001e | |
aComparison between CSF AD cases and CSF controls, χ2 test or Student t test.
bComparison between CSF AD cases and population controls, χ2 test or Student t test.
cMMSE data were missing for 108 CSF AD, 41 CSF controls, and 4,186 population controls.
dEducation data were missing for 371 CSF AD and 204 CSF controls.
eAnalyses on CSF biomarkers were adjusted for memory center and analysis of covariance.
Abbreviations: Aβ, β-amyloid; AD, Alzheimer disease; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; p-Tau 181, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; SD, standard deviation