Table 2.
Impact of pandemic and lockdown on income and food security
| BRISC baseline | BRISC endline | COVID-19 impact study (May–June 2020) | Estimate* | p value† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income‡ | |||||||
| Monthly family income§ | 18 000 (12 000 to 25 000) | NA | 5000 (0 to 10 000) | −13 000 (−14 509 to −11 491) | <0·0001 | ||
| Monthly family income§ by father's occupation | |||||||
| Unemployed | 15 000 (11 000 to 23 500) | NA | 0 (0 to 5000) | −15 000 (−15 226 to −14 774) | <0·0001 | ||
| Unskilled job | 14 000 (10 000 to 18 000) | NA | 4000 (0 to 7000) | −10 000 (−10 089 to −9911) | <0·0001 | ||
| Skilled job | 20 000 (15 000 to 25 000) | NA | 5000 (0 to 10 000) | −15 000 (−18 526 to −11 474) | <0·0001 | ||
| Other | 30 000 (20 000 to 40 000) | NA | 5000 (0 to 15 000) | −25 000 (−28 892 to −21 108) | <0·0001 | ||
| Income equivalent <US$1·90/day | 5 (0·2%) | NA | 992 (47·3%) | 47·1% (45·0 to 49·3) | <0·0001 | ||
| Income equivalent <US$1·90/day by father's occupation | |||||||
| Unemployed | 1/24 (4·2%) | NA | 12/18 (66·7%) | 62·5% (36·9 to 88·1) | <0·0001 | ||
| Unskilled job | 2/451 (0·4%) | NA | 199/388 (51·3%) | 50·8% (45·9 to 55·8) | <0·0001 | ||
| Skilled job | 2/1830 (0·1%) | NA | 737/1592 (46·3%) | 46·2% (43·7 to 48·6) | <0·0001 | ||
| Other | 0/115 (0) | NA | 43/94 (45·7%) | 45·7% (35·7 to 55·8) | <0·0001 | ||
| Food security¶ | |||||||
| Household food insecurity access category | 51·7% (48·1 to 55·4) | <0·0001 | |||||
| Food secure | 1952 (80·7%) | 1743 (81·5%) | 739 (30·6%) | .. | .. | ||
| Mildly food insecure | 267 (11·0%) | 153 (7·2%) | 426 (17·6%) | .. | .. | ||
| Moderately food insecure | 136 (5·6%) | 181 (8·5%) | 881 (36·5%) | .. | .. | ||
| Severely food insecure | 65 (2·7%) | 62 (2·9%) | 371 (15·3%) | .. | .. | ||
| Household food insecurity access category by father's occupation | .. | .. | |||||
| Unemployed | 53·8% (15·6 to 92·0) | 0·0058 | |||||
| Food secure | 15/24 (62·5%) | 16/21 (72·7%) | 7/22 (29·2%) | .. | .. | ||
| Mildly food insecure | 6/24 (25·0%) | 2/21 (9·1%) | 3/22 (12·5%) | .. | .. | ||
| Moderately food insecure | 3/24 (12·5%) | 2/21 (9·1%) | 9/22 (37·5%) | .. | .. | ||
| Severely food insecure | 0/24 (0) | 2/21 (9·1%) | 5/22 (20·8%) | .. | .. | ||
| Unskilled job | 63·1% (53·6 to 72·5) | <0·0001 | |||||
| Food secure | 284/450 (63·1%) | 291/396 (74·4%) | 102/391 (22·7%) | .. | .. | ||
| Mildly food insecure | 99/450 (22·0%) | 38/396 (9·7%) | 75/391 (16·7%) | .. | .. | ||
| Moderately food insecure | 38/450 (8·4%) | 45/396 (11·5%) | 186/391 (41·3%) | .. | .. | ||
| Severely food insecure | 29/450 (6·4%) | 17/396 (4·3%) | 87/391 (19·3%) | .. | .. | ||
| Skilled job | 50·0% (45·9 to 54·2) | <0·0001 | |||||
| Food secure | 1544/1829 (84·4%) | 1341/1642 (82·9%) | 573/1617 (31·4%) | .. | .. | ||
| Mildly food insecure | 158/1829 (8·6%) | 108/1642 (6·7%) | 323/1617 (17·7%) | .. | .. | ||
| Moderately food insecure | 92/1829 (5·0%) | 126/1642 (7·8%) | 661/1617 (36·2%) | .. | .. | ||
| Severely food insecure | 35/1829 (1·9%) | 42/1642 (2·6%) | 268/1617 (14·7%) | .. | .. | ||
| Other | 33·1% (19·8 to 46·3) | <0·0001 | |||||
| Food secure | 107/115 (93·0%) | 92/108 (87·6%) | 56/105 (49·1%) | .. | .. | ||
| Mildly food insecure | 4/115 (3·5%) | 5/108 (4·8%) | 24/105 (21·1%) | .. | .. | ||
| Moderately food insecure | 3/115 (2·6%) | 7/108 (6·7%) | 24/105 (21·1%) | .. | .. | ||
| Severely food insecure | 1/115 (0·9%) | 1/108 (1·0%) | 10/105 (8·8%) | .. | .. | ||
Data are median (IQR), n (%), n/n (%), or estimate (95% CI). Unskilled job describes manual unskilled work (eg, housemaid, garment worker involved in unskilled tasks, labourer, farmer, fisherman, or rickshaw puller). Skilled job describes skilled employment (eg, garment worker, cook, construction work, driving, tailor, craftsman, carpentry, government or non-government clerical work, health service providers including primary health workers, pharmacists, doctor, or teacher). A daily income of US$1·90 was defined as corresponding to a monthly income of 58 Bangladeshi Taka (June 22, 2020, conversion). BRISC=Benefits and risks of iron interventions in children trial. NA=not applicable.
For income, the estimate is the difference between COVID-19 impact study and BRISC baseline. For food insecurity (ie, mildly, moderately, or severely food insecure), the estimate is the level change during lockdown from BRISC baseline to endline in food insecurity as per the interrupted time series analyses (appendix p 14).
The p value for interaction with father's occupation is p<0·0001 for monthly family income, p=0·24 for income equivalent under US$1·90/day, and p=0·0037 for food insecurity.
BRISC baseline n=2422; COVID impact study n=2096.
Bangladeshi Taka.
BRISC baseline n=2420; BRISC endline n=2139; COVID impact study n=2417.