Table 1.
Characteristics of Long-Term Care Residents According to COVID-19 Diagnosis∗
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 389) | COVID-19+ (n = 146) | COVID-19– (n = 243) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 86.8 ± 9.0 | 85.0 ± 9.3 | 87.9 ± 8.7 | .001 |
| Female | 253 (65.7) | 80 (55.9) | 173 (71.5) | .002 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 348 (90.4) | 118 (82.5) | 230 (95.0) | <.001 |
| Black | 24 (6.2) | 17 (11.9) | 7 (2.9) | |
| Hispanic | 10 (2.6) | 5 (3.5) | 5 (2.1) | |
| Other | 3 (0.8) | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Body mass index | 26.6 ± 5.9 | 25.6 ± 5.4 | 27.2 ± 6.1 | .01 |
| Cognitive Impairment† | ||||
| None or mild | 113 (31.0) | 46 (33.8) | 67 (29.3) | .50 |
| Moderate | 189 (51.8) | 65 (47.8) | 124 (54.2) | |
| Severe | 63 (17.3) | 25 (18.4) | 38 (16.6) | |
| Number of Independent ADLs | ||||
| 0 | 147 (39.3) | 36 (25.9) | 111 (47.2) | <.001 |
| 1‒2 | 124 (33.2) | 59 (42.5) | 65 (27.7) | |
| 3‒4 | 68 (18.2) | 28 (20.1) | 40 (17.0) | |
| 5+ | 35 (9.4) | 16 (11.5) | 19 (8.1) | |
| Urinary continence‡ | 179 (48.6) | 57 (41.3) | 122 (53.0) | .06 |
| Bowel continence‡ | 235 (63.3) | 74 (54.0) | 161 (68.8) | .02 |
| Needs help eating | 197 (52.8) | 61 (43.9) | 136 (58.1) | .008 |
| Needs help with bed mobility | 214 (57.4) | 62 (44.6) | 152 (65.0) | <.001 |
| Needs help with mobility | 288 (77.2) | 91 (65.5) | 197 (84.2) | <.001 |
| Wandering | 57 (15.3) | 29 (20.9) | 28 (11.9) | .05 |
| Physical behaviors | 53 (14.2) | 24 (17.3) | 29 (12.3) | .19 |
| Verbal behaviors | 93 (24.9) | 34 (24.5) | 59 (25.1) | .87 |
| Diabetes | 96 (25.7) | 25 (18.0) | 71 (30.2) | .008 |
| CHF | 59 (15.8) | 12 (8.6) | 47 (20.0) | .003 |
| COPD | 30 (8.0) | 12 (8.6) | 18 (7.7) | .75 |
| Fall in prior quarter | 70 (18.7) | 25 (18.0) | 45 (19.2) | .84 |
| Frailty index (mean ± SD) | 0.32 ± 0.10 | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.33 ± 0.09 | .007 |
ADL, activities of daily living; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MDS, Minimum Data Set; SD, standard deviation.
∗
n = 16 missing MDS measures.
†
Cognitive impairment defined by cognitive performance scale derived from MDS: 0‒2 was mild, 3‒4 was mod, 5 and 6 were severe.
‡
Incontinence dichotomized frequently or always incontinent vs occasionally or never incontinent.