Appendix 1—table 1. Values used in the calculations.

Variable	Value	Source
$\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{p}$	160 mV	Values of 140–190 mV have been reported from respiring cells (Ripple et al., 2013); a value of 200 mV was reported for isolated etiolated V. radiata mitochondria after addition of 1 mM NADH, which defines an upper limit for steady-state respiration (Moore and Bonner, 1981)
R	8.314 kJ K−1 mol−1	Physical Constant
T	300 K	Approximately 27 °C
F	96,485 C mol−1	Physical Constant
$E_{m,7}^{CoQ}$	4 mV	This value varies as a function of pH so should only be considered an estimate (Nicholls, 2013)
${\left[CoQ\right]}_{IMM}/{\left[{CoQH}_2\right]}_{IMM}$	10	Kim et al., 2012
$E_{h,7}^{CoQ}$	34 mV	Calculated from $E_{m,7}^{CoQ}$ and ${\left[CoQ\right]}_{IMM}/{\left[{CoQH}_2\right]}_{IMM}$ using Equation 1
$E_{m,7}^{NADH}$	−320 mV	This value varies as a function of pH, so should only be considered an estimate (Nicholls, 2013)