Table 1.

Overview of juvenile headache prevalence studies

Country	Year	Age group	Participants	Prevalence overall	Girls	Boys	ICHD criteria				Methodology	HrQoL	Reference
							Migraine	TTH	UDH	Chronic
Austria	2019	10–18 years	3386	75.7	82.1%	67.7%	ICHD-II: 24.2%	21.6%	26.1%	3%	Validated questionnaire	KIDSCREEN	Philipp et al. [3]
											1 year	HARDSHIP
Spain	2019	12–18 years	1619	30.50%			ICHD-IIIβ: 11.3%			1.50%	Anonymous questionnaire	PedMidas	Torres-Ferrus et al. [14]
											Strengths and
											Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Germany	2019	6–19 years	2706	36.6% 1 day/month	≥ 2 headache days/month						anonymous questionnaires	item	Nieswand et al. [15]
				31.5% min. 2 days/month	34.2%	28.7%					3-month prevalence	“everyday life affection”
Germany	2019	3–17 years	> 11,000		11–17 years:	11–17 years:					phone survey		Krause et al. [16]
					45.20%	28.70%					3-month prevalence
					3–10 years:	3–10 years:
					20%	16.40%
Italy	2019	15 years	13,611	Mean of different regions	43–67%	20–37%					anonymous questionnaire		Centauri et al. [17]
				> 40%	Region-dependent
Italy	2018	11–16 years	1950	65.90%							anonymous questionnaire		Foiadelli et al. [6]
				9.8% > 1/week							1 year
				14.3% > 1/month
				24.2% monthly
				17.7% < once a month
Crotia	2016	15–18 years	1876				ICHD-II: 12.8%	38.30%			anonymous questionnaire		Sedlic et al. [18]
							(17% girls, 8.1% boys)	(40.6% girls, 35.7% boys)			life time
Norway	2015	12–18 years	493	88% 1 year			ICHD-II: 23% definite,	58% definite			face to face interview		Krogh et al. [19]
				38% point prevalence			13% probable				validated questionnaire
											1 year
Norway	2016	16–20 years	2594	79.40%			7.50%	19%			face to face interview		Jacobsena et al. [20•]
			Successive cohort	successive investigation			8.70%	21%			validated questionnaire
			2373	77.50%							1 year
Denmark	2018	11–15 years	31,102	8%							HBSC questionnaire [21]6 months		Holstein et al. [22]
				successive investigation
				12.90%
Turkey	2018	6–17 years	7088	68.80%			ICHD-IIIβ: 26.7%	12.90%	29.20%		validated questionnaire	HARDSHIP	Wöber et al. [23]
							(definite and probable)				1 year
Turkey	2015	7–17 years	259,428	47.5% recurrent headachea			ICHD-II: 7.2	7.8			questionnaire		Poyrazoğlu et al. [24]
				26.4% primary headache							last 6 months
Japan	2017	6–15 years	3285	49.40%			ICHD-IIIβ:				multiple choice questionnaire	item “interference	Goto et al. [25]
							Elementary school	Elementary school				with normal activities”
							3.5%	5.4%				“concentration”
							Junior high school	Junior high school
							5.0%	11.20%
Taiwan	2019	10–18 years	2309 5th–6th grade	63%							online survey		Miao et al. [26]
			2700 middle school
			2013 high school
China	2015	16–18 years	2849	30.30%							validated questionnaire	item “sleep disturbance”	Zhang et al. [27]
				≥ 1 day a week							previous 3 months	“academic pressure”
Kuwait	2019	6–17 years	3423	19.4% primary headache	25.2%	13.8%	ICHD-II: 10.9%	6.20%		0.90%	validated questionnaire	HARDSHIP	Al-Hashel et al. [28]
											face-to face interviews
											1 year
Jordania	2019	16–18 years	754	66%			ICHD-II: 8.8%	19%	39%		questionnaire		Al Bashtawy et al. [29]
											recurrent
Nigeria	2017	17–23 years	1500	23.70%			ICHD-II: 2.4%	12.50%	8.90%	3.50%	questionnaire		Sanya et al. [30]
											≥ 4 headache days last year

HrQoL health-related quality of life, HARDSHIP Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, and Social Handicap and Impaired Participation, HBSC health behavior in school-aged children, SDQ strengths and difficulties questionnaire

^aLast 6-month “recurrent headache”