Table 1.

Data and settings

Outcome variables	GDP growth rate	Percentage of tertiary industry in GDP	Geographic mean PM2.5 concentrations
Treatment group units	Hebei	Hebei	Hebei
Control group units	15 provinces	19 provinces	18 provinces
Preintervention period	1990–2013	1992–2013	2000–2013
Postintervention period	2014–2018	2014–2018	2014–2017