Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the Pacific Udall Center cohort.
| NCI n = 208 | PD-MCI n = 459 | PDD n = 160 | Overall Pa pairwise | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at visit, years | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 64.4 (8.3) | 68.1 (8.9) | 72.7 (9.3) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 40.3–83.9 | 36.2–90.1 | 48.9–91.8 | NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Education, years | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 16.3 (2.4) | 15.9 (2.5) | 15.4 (2.8) | 0.002 |
| Range | 12–20 | 8–20 | 8–20 | NCI > PDD |
| Sex | ||||
| n (%) male | 97 (46.6%) | 330 (71.9%) | 140 (87.5%) | <0.0001 NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Disease duration, years | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 7.6 (5.2) | 8.7 (6.3) | 11.9 (7.7) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 0–30 | 0–41 | 1–43 | NCI < PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Length of follow-up, years (n = 514) | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 4.0 (2.1) | 3.7 (2.0) | 2.7 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 1–8 | 1–8 | 1–7 | NCI < PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| MDS-UPDRS | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 21.0 (10.4) | 27.0 (12.1) | 36.3 (14.0) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 3–64 | 0–66 | 5–87 | NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Modified Hoehn & Yahr | ||||
| Median | 2 | 2 | 2.5 | 0.0001 |
| Range | (1–4) | (1–5) | (1–5) | NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| GDS-15 | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 5.4 (1.4) | 5.9 (1.7) | 6.8 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 1–11 | 2–13 | 4–12 | NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| LEDD | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 511.6 (455.2) | 613.9 (497.6) | 769.5 (560.2) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 0–2792 | 0–3375 | 0–3156 | NCI < PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| APOE | ||||
| n (%) ε4 allele | 43 (21.4%) | 107 (23.7%) | 32 (20.7%) | 0.659 |
| GBA | <0.001 | |||
| n (%) carrier | 15 (7.5%) | 44 (9.7%) | 34 (21.8%) | NCI < PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| MAPT | ||||
| n (%) H1 haplotype | 50 (37.3%) | 132 (33.5%) | 42 (30.0%) | 0.44 |
| MoCA | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 27.5 (1.9) | 24.6 (2.5) | 19.2 (4.3) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 22–30 | 17–30 | 7–29 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD- MCI > PDD |
| HVLT-R total recall | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 27.3 (3.5) | 21.1 (4.6) | 14.2 (4.5) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 15–35 | 7–34 | 5–30 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI > PDD |
| HVLT-R delayed recall | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 9.9 (2.1) | 6.6 (3.2) | 3.1 (2.9) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 0–12 | 0–12 | 0–11 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD- MCI > PDD |
| HVLT-R RDI | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 10.9 (1.2) | 9.3 (2.2) | 7.2 (2.5) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 3–12 | 0–12 | −2–12 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI > PDD |
| Trailmaking Test, Part Ab | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 29.1 (12.7) | 40.4 (20.0) | 72.6 (36.7) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 13–130 | 15–150 | 23–150 | NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Trailmaking Test, Part Bb | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 67.9 (31.6) | 120.7 (64.9) | 238.8 (75.1) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 28–300 | 29–300 | 70–300 | NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Trailmaking Part B – Part Ab | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 38.8 (27.2) | 80.1 (56.7) | 166.9 (65.8) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 2–272 | 7–272 | 30–264 | NCI < PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Digit symbol | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 50.6 (10.2) | 38.9 (10.5) | 24.2 (10.7) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 18–82 | 2–70 | 0–54 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI > PDD |
| Letter number sequencing | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 11.0 (2.4) | 8.7 (2.4) | 5.6 (2.5) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 3–18 | 0–18 | 0–12 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI > PDD |
| Phonemic verbal fluency | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 48.3 (11.7) | 38.6 (11.5) | 26.9 (9.9) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 22–93 | 8–84 | 8–53 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI > PDD |
| Semantic verbal fluency | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 23.3 (4.9) | 18.5 (5.2) | 11.6 (4.6) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 13–37 | 5–37 | 1–22 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI > PDD |
| Judgment of line orientation | ||||
| Mean (sd) | 13.0 (1.8) | 11.8 (2.4) | 9.8 (3.2) | <0.0001 |
| Range | 6–15 | 0–15 | 0–15 | NCI > PD-MCI/PDD, PD-MCI > PDD |
APOE apolipoprotein E gene, GBA glucocerebrosidase gene, GDS-15 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, HVLT-R Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, MAPT microtubule-associated protein tau gene, MDS-UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, Movement Disorders Society revision, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NCI not cognitively impaired, PDD Parkinson’s disease dementia, PD-MCI Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment, RDI recognition discriminability index, sd standard deviation.
aOverall (pairwise) comparisons based on one-way ANOVA (Scheffe’s test) for continuous variables, Kruskal–Wallis (Dunn’s test) for ordinal variables, or chi-square for dichotomous variables.
bLower score = better performance.