Table 29.

Occurrence data on short‐chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and long‐chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in food reported in the open literature

Reference	Country	Number of samples	Year	Analytical method	Compounds
					SCCPs	MCCPs	LCCPs
Lahaniatis et al. (2000)	Fish samples consumed in Europe, fish oil and cod liver oil from Europe and America	Fish (n = 8): sprat, redfish, salmon, herring, mackerel, halibut, sardine and trout Fish oil (n = 4) Cod liver oil (n = 4)	n.r.	GC‐ECNI‐MS	μg/kg fat Fish: 88–237 Fish oil: 44–284 Cod liver oil: 57–385	μg/kg fat Fish: 29–99 Fish oil: 63–191 Cod liver oil: 105–248	–
Parera et al. (2013)	Spain (Ebro River delta)	Fish (1 kg of muscle meat for each species): sardine, eel, flounder, conger, gilthead sea bream Shellfish (1 kg of muscle meat for each species): mussel, carpet shell, murex	2012	GC‐ion trap‐MS	μg/kg ww Fish: 33.2–141 Conger: 141 Seabream: 60.5 Flounder: 33.2 Sardine: 104 Eel: 80.4 Shellfish: 3.1–34.6 Mussel: 12.0 Carpet shell: 3.1 Murex: 34.6	–	–
Krätschmer et al. (2019)	Germany	Fish (n = 133): farmed salmon (n = 122), wild salmon (n = 11)	2014–2017	GC‐Orbitrap‐MS	μg/kg ww Mean (range): 14 (0.97–170)	μg/kg ww Mean (range): 19 (1.1–79)	–
Labadie et al. (2019)	France (Rhone River basin)	Fish (n = 22): common barbel	2009, 2011	GC‐ECNI‐TOF‐MS	μg/kg ww 0.3–10.6  μg/kg fat 63–1,492	μg/kg ww 1.3–72.7  μg/kg fat 99–11,300	–
Yuan et al. (2017)	Sweden	Food market basket study: 13 food categories, up to 31 items per category	2015	Direct injection APCI‐qTOF‐MS	μg/kg ww Cereals: < 1.1 Pastries: < 1.8 Meat: < 1.0 Fish: 4.6 Dairy (fluent): < 2.0 Dairy (solids): < 2.0 Eggs: < 1.3 Fat/oils: < 5.7 Vegetables: < 0.57 Fruit: 0.49 Potatoes: < 0.75 Sugar/sweets: < 0.90 Beverages: < 0.51	μg/kg ww Cereals: < 1.1 Pastries: 4.3 Meat: < 1.0 Fish: 5.1 Dairy (fluent): < 2.0 Dairy (solids): < 2.1 Eggs: < 1.4 Fats/oils: 14.5 Vegetables: < 0.58 Fruit: 0.90 Potatoes: 0.98 Sugar/sweets: 6.3 Beverages: < 0.52	μg/kg ww Cereals: < 0.04 Pastries: < 0.07 Meat: < 0.04 Fish: < 0.08 Dairy (fluent): < 0.08 Dairy (solids): < 0.08 Eggs: < 0.05 Fat/oils: < 0.22 Vegetables: < 0.02 Fruit: 0.14 Potatoes: 0.12 Sugar/sweets: 0.54 Beverages: < 0.02
Krätschmer et al. (2019a, see Documentation provided to EFSA)	Germany	Raw food samples (n = 49): meat and offal (n = 17), eggs (n = 5), milk and dairy (n = 6), fish (n = 13), fats and oils (n = 8)	2018–2019	GC‐ECNI‐Orbitrap‐HRMS	Total CPs μg/kg ww Meat and offal: 1.4–12 Eggs: 14–23 Milk and dairy: 0.5–17 Fish: 1.8–360 Fats and oils: 15–800
Krätschmer et al. (2019a, see Documentation provided to EFSA)	Germany	Full meals (n = 10): meat‐based (n = 8), vegetarian (n = 2) Total diet samples (n = 5): light diet (n = 3), full diet (n = 2)	2018–2019	GC‐ECNI‐Orbitrap‐HRMS	μg/kg ww Full means: Meat‐based: 1.8–8.9 Vegetarian: 1.2–1.9 Total diet samples: Light diet: 1.0–2.1 Full diet: 4.0–4.7	μg/kg ww Full meals: Meat‐based: 1.0–7.8 Vegetarian: 0.6–2.0 Total diet samples: Light diet: 0.4–1.1 Full diet: 4.3–4.8	n.a.
Sprengel et al. (2019)	Germany (available from the German online market)	Oil‐based supplements (n = 25): vitamin E supplements (n = 14), marine oil supplements (n = 7), other oil supplements (n = 4)	n.r.	GC‐ECNI‐MS	μg/kg fat mean (min–max) 3,810 (< LOD–61,100)	μg/kg fat mean (min–max) 15,200 (< LOD–151,000)	n.a.
Yuan et al. (2012)	China (Bohai Sea)	Molluscs (91 composite samples): bivalves (9 species), gastropods (2 species)	2009	GC‐ECNI‐MS	μg/kg dw Molluscs: overall range: 64.9−5,510 Median (min, max) Bivalves: 1,150–2,910 (64.9–5,510) Gastropods: 506–640 (135–1,660)	n.a.	n.a.
Iino et al. (2005)	Japan	Market basket study (11 food categories: grain crops, seeds/potatoes, sugar, fats, vegetables, fruit, fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, milk)	2003	GC‐ECNI‐HRMS	μg/kg ww Mean (SD) Grain crops: 2.5 (3.1) Seeds/potatoes: 1.4 (2.0) Sugar/sweets/snacks/seasoning/beverages: 2.4 (3.0) Fats: 140 (150) Legumes/vegetables: 1.7 (2.3) Fruit: 1.5 (1.9) Fish: 16 (17) [or 170 μg/kg fat] Shellfish: 18 (19) [or 2,500 μg/kg fat] Meat: 7.0 (6.6) Eggs: 2.0 (2.7) Milk: 0.75 (1.6)	n.a.	n.a.
Harada et al. (2011)	China Korea Japan	24 h food composite samples (a total of 200 24 h duplicate samples)	1990s, 2007–2009	GC‐ECNI‐HRMS	μg/kga Samples China: < LOD–28.0 Year 1990s: < 0.20–0.60 Year 2009: 8.5–28.0 Samples Japan: < LOD–1.10 Year 1990s: < 50–760 Year 2009: < 50–1.100 Samples Seoul: < 0.050–0.056 Year 2009: 1 sample with trace levels Year 1990s: all < LOD	n.a.	n.a.
Huang et al. (2018)	China	Meat and meat products (n = 20): pork, mutton, beef, chicken, duck, rabbit, pork liver, swine blood	2011	GC×GC‐ECNI‐TOF‐MS	μg/kg ww Mean (SD): 129 (4.1)	μg/kg ww Mean (SD): 5.7 (0.59)	–
Wang et al. (2019b)	China	Cereals (n = 19 pooled samples, consisting of 1,710 individual samples) Legumes (n = 19 pooled samples, consisting of 1,710 individual samples)	2011	GC×GC‐TOF‐MS	μg/kg ww Cereals: 343 Legumes: 328	μg/kg ww Cereals: 213 Legumes: 184	–
Zeng et al. (2016)	China (collection site close to an e‐waste recycling area or far)	Home‐produced eggs Chicken eggs (n = 17) Goose eggs (n = 23)	2013	GC‐ECNI‐MS	μg/kg fat mean, range Chicken eggs: Close to e‐waste site: 3,400 (2,300–5,500) Far from e‐waste site: 4,000 (2,600–6,800) Goose eggs Close to e‐waste site: 60,000 (< LOD–150,000) Far from e‐waste site: 4,600 (< LOD–11,000)	–	–
Zeng et al. (2018)	China (collection area used to be an e‐waste site)	Home‐produced eggs (n = 68): year 2013 (n = 38), year 2016 (n = 30)	2013, 2016	GC‐ECNI‐MS	μg/kg fat Median: 2013: 926 2016: 1,490 Overall range: 477–111,000	μg/kg fat Median: 2013: 1,030 2016: 999 Overall range: 125–91,100	–
Cao et al. (2015)	China	Cooking oil (n = 49) Fried confectionary products (n = 20) Raw seeds (n = 13)	2010, 2012	GC‐ECNI‐HRMS	μg/kga Cooking oil: (detected in 48 samples): < 9–7,500 Fried confectionary products: (detected in all samples): 11–1,000 Raw seeds: (detected in 11 samples): < 2–68	–	–
Sun et al. (2017)	China (collection site e‐waste contaminated area)	Fish and invertebrates Oriental river prawn (n = 50), Chinese mitten crab (n = 16), crucian carp (n = 16), mud carp (n = 5–60), catfish (n = 2), snakehead (n = 5)	2014	GC‐ECNI‐MS	μg/kg fat 1,700–95,000 Highest mean: Chinese mitten crab: 44,000 Lowest mean: Large mud carp: 2,100	–	–
Gao et al. (2018)	China	Duplicate Diet study Part I: fast food outlets (n = 15) Part II: collected by 6 participants who provided duplicate portions of what they consumed for their three meals per day (n = 18) Milk powder (n = 6)	2016	GC‐TOF‐HRMS	μg/kg dw Mean (range) Duplicate diet samples: 113 (24.4–546) Milk power samples: 18.3 (16.2–20.5)	μg/kg dw Mean (range) Duplicate diet samples: 55 (17.3–384) Milk power samples: 8.87 (17.0–384)	–
Chen et al. (2018)	China (collected from an e‐waste recycling industrial park and its surrounding villages)	Locally produced staple foods (n = 92): 9 food categories: fish, shellfish, shrimp, meat, poultry, egg, vegetable, cereal, culinary oil	2016–2017	GC‐ECNI‐MS	μg/kg fat Fish: 94.3–487 Shellfish: 37.1–66.9 Shrimp: 76.5–118 Meat (pork): 37.2–58.6 Poultry: 25.3–88.3 Eggs: 1.62–6.84 Vegetables: 132–605b Cereals: 37.2–88.6 Culinary oil: 0.892–1.32	μg/kg fat Fish: 116–563 Shellfish: 35.5–59.9 Shrimp: 76.5–118 Meat (pork): 48.3–69.3 Poultry: 31.9–111 Eggs: 207–10.6 Vegetables: 245–747b Cereals: 55.4–108 Culinary oil: 1.22–1.76	–
Gao et al. (2019)	China	Food samples (n = 122): meat (n = 22), offals (n = 10), fish (n = 10), vegetables (n = 27), fruit (n = 15), seafood (n = 21), oil (n = 6), flour (n = 5), rice (n = 6)	2014–2016	GC‐ECNI‐LRMS	μg/kg ww Overall range: 0.67–5,100 Mean Meat: 117 Seafood: 60.5 Fish: 46 Offals: 27.8 Fruit: 16.4 Vegetables: 11.7 Oils: 15.7–5,100	–	–

n.a.: not analysed; n.r.: not reported; GC: gas chromatography; ECNI: electron capture negative ionisation; MS: mass spectrometry; HRMS: high‐resolution MS; TOF‐MS: time‐of‐flight MS.

^aNot clear whether the results were expressed on a wet, fat or dry basis.

^bThe CONTAM Panel noted that it is uncommon to express levels in vegetables on fat weight basis.