Table 30.
Concentrations of chlorinated paraffins in human milk samples. The detection frequency is indicated when provided in the study
| Reference | Country | Number of samples | Sampling year | Analytical method | Concentration (μg/kg fat) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCCPs | MCCPs | LCCPs | |||||
| EUROPEAN COUNTRIES | |||||||
| Thomas and Jones (2002), as cited in EU‐RAR (2011) | UK |
22 Lancaster n = 8, London n = 14 |
n.r | n.r. | n.a. |
61 (detected in 1 sample) |
– |
| Thomas et al. (2006) | UK |
25 (18 individuals at different times) London area n = 20 Lancaster area n = 5 |
2001–2002 | GC‐ECNI‐HRMS |
Median (range) 180 (49–820) (detected in 21 samples, range corresponds to the samples > LOD) |
Median (range) 21 (6.2–320) (detected in all samples) |
– |
| Darnerud et al. (2012) | Sweden |
12 pooled samples (438 individual samples) |
1996–2010 | GC‐ECNI‐HRMS |
Median (range) 107 (45–157) (detected in all samples) |
Median (range) 14 (< 1.1–30) (detected in 10 samples, the range corresponds to all samples analysed) |
– |
| Reth et al. (2005) | Germany | 6 | 2004–2005 | GC‐EI‐MS/MS |
Total CPs: Range: 52–275 |
||
| Hilger et al. (2011) | Germany | 60 | n.r. | GC‐ECNI‐LRMS |
Median (range) 15.9 (< LOD–59.9) (detected in 43% of the samples, the median refers to the detectable samples) |
Median (range) 115.4 (9.6–903) (detected in 58% of the samples, the values correspond to the detectable samples) |
– |
| Krätschmer et al. (2019b, see Documentation provided to EFSA) | 11 European countries a | 11 pooled samples (each from about 50 first‐time mothers) | 2014–2016 | GC‐ECNI‐Orbitrap‐HRMS, GC‐EI‐MS/MS |
Range across countries: 13–97 |
Range across countries: < LOQ (5.5)–112 | – |
| OTHER COUNTRIES | |||||||
| Tomy (1997) | Canada | 3 (samples from Inuit women in Northern Quebec) | n.r. | GC‐MS |
Total CPs: Mean (SD) (range) 12.8 (3.2) (10.6–16.5) |
||
| Cao et al. (2017) |
China (Beijing) Korea (Busan, Seoul) Japan (Kyoto, Sendai) |
Pooled samples China (n = 17) Korea (n = 16) Japan (n = 44) |
2007–2010 | GC‐ECNI‐HRMS |
China: < 20–54 (detected in 8 samples) Korea: < 20 (undetected in all samples) Japan: < 20 (undetected in all samples) |
– | – |
| Xia et al. (2017a) |
China (urban areas) |
28 pooled samples (1,370 individual samples) |
2007, 2011 |
GC×GC‐ECNI‐TOF‐MS |
Median (min–max) Year 2007: 681 (170–6,150) Year 2011: 733 (131–16,100) (detected in all samples) |
Median (min–max) Year 2007: 60.4 (18.7–350) Year 2011: 64.3 (22.3–1,501) (detected in all samples) |
– |
| Xia et al. (2017b) |
China (rural areas) |
24 pooled samples (1,412 individual samples) |
2007, 2011 |
GC×GC‐ECNI‐TOF‐MS |
Median Year 2007: 303 (68.0–1,580) Year 2011: 360 (65.6–2,310) (detected in all samples) |
Median Year 2007: 35.7 (9.05–139) Year 2011: 45.4 (9.51–146) (detected in all samples) |
– |
| Yang et al. (2018) |
China (Hebei Province) |
86 samples from 55 women at different nursing periods (from childbirth to 6 months) | 2014–2015 | GC‐ECNI‐MS |
Median (range) 1460 (210–16,200) (detected in all samples) |
– | – |
SCCPs: short‐chain chlorinated paraffins; MCCPs: medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins; LCCPs: long‐chain chlorinated paraffins; n.r.: not reported; GC: gas chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; HRMS: high‐resolution MS; ECNI: electron negative chemical ionisation; TOF‐MS: time‐of‐flight MS; bw: body weight.
Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Romania, the Netherlands, Moldova, Lithuania, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland.