Table 35.
Dietary exposure assessments to chlorinated paraffins reported in the literature
| Reference | Country | Sample type Number of samples | Year | Analytical method | Estimate of exposure (ng/kg bw per day) | Main contributors to the exposurea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCCPs | MCCPs | LCCPs | ||||||
| EUROPEAN COUNTRIES | ||||||||
| EU‐RAR (2000) | As reported by Campbell and McConnell (1980) and other reports | Butter, margarine, cheese, beef meat, sheep offals, oils of plant and animal origin, coffee, tea, beer, wine, fruitsa | 1977–1978 |
Thin‐layer chromatography with argentation |
Adults: 20,000 | – | – | Fish, shellfish |
| EU‐RAR (2011) | Europe | Cows’ milk (from Thomas and Jones, 2002) | n.r. | n.r. | – |
Regional sources: 130 Highest local: 16,000 Infants fed cow milk: 145 |
– | – |
| UK‐COT (2009)c | UK | Food (n = 45): fish, butter, pork sausage, bread, fruit, beef, lamb, milk products, eggs, poultry, cod liver oil | 2007 | GC‐HRMS |
97.5th percentile consumers: 4–6 years old: 290 Adults: 120 |
97.5th percentile consumer 4–6 years old: 1,600 Adults: 630 |
– | – |
| Yuan et al. (2017) | Sweden | Food market basket study | 2015 | APCI‐qTOF‐MS |
Adults: 18 |
Adults: 39 |
Adults: 2.0 |
Sugar/sweets, dairy products, fats/oil, fishb |
| Krätschmer (2019a, see Documentation provided to EFSA) | Germany |
Meat and offals, eggs, milk and dairy, fish, fats and oils Full meals (meat based and vegetarian) Total diet samples |
2018–2019 | GC‐ECNI‐Orbitrap‐HRMS |
Total CPs Adults: 240–860 Full meals: Meat based: 4.3–22 Vegetarian: 2.4–3.5 Total diet samples: 47–190 |
Processed vegetable oils | ||
| Krätschmer et al. (2019) | Germany | Fish (salmon) | 2018 | GC‐Orbitrap‐MS |
Adult females: 1.22–19.1 ng/kg bw/week Adult males: 1.98–20.3 ng/kg bw/week |
Adult females: 1.72–15.9 ng/kg bw/week Adults males: 2.79–16.8 ng/kg bw/week |
– | – |
| Sprengel et al. (2019) | Germany (available from the German online market) | Oil‐based supplements: vitamin E supplements, marine oil supplements, other oil supplements | n.r. | GC‐ECNI‐MS |
Adults: 77.7 |
Adults: 537 |
– | – |
| OTHER COUNTRIES | ||||||||
| Health Canada (2008) | As reported by Campbell and McConnell (1980) and other studies | Based on concentrations in food reported in the literature for dairy, fats, fruits, vegetables, cereal products, meat and poultry, fish, eggs, sugar, soft drinks, alcohol, coffee, tea | 1977–1978 | Liquid–solid adsorption chromatography |
Infants Formula fed: 10 Non‐formula fed: 25,970 0.5–4 years old: 24,260 5–11 years old: 16,440 12–19 years old: 9,020 20–59 years old: 7,180 > 60 years old: 5,140 |
Infants Formula fed: 50 Non‐formula fed: 25,480 0.5–4 years old: 18,480 5–11 years old: 11,640 12–19 years old: 6,300 20–59 years old: 4,690 > 60 years old: 3,470 |
– | – |
| Health Canada (2012) | – |
Farfield Human Exposure (FHX) model to calculate steady‐state concentrations in the multi‐media compartments including various food groups, including fruits, vegetables, milk, dairy, fish and meats based on the unit emission rate |
– | – | – | – |
C18H37Cl1 (UB estimates): >60 years old: 7 0.5–4 years old: 24 C18H22Cl16 and C18H30Cl8 : an order of magnitude lower than C18H37Cl1 C>20: >60 years old: 13 0.5–4 years old: 40 |
– |
| Iino et al. (2005) | Japan | Market basket study (11 food categories: grain crops, seeds/potatoes, sugar, fats, vegetables, fruit, fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, milk) | 2003 | GC‐ECNI‐HRMS |
Range of median intakes 1 year old: 340–370 5–15 years old: 120–200 20–60 years old: 110–120 >60 years old: 89–97 |
– | – | Fats, fish, shellfish |
| Harada et al. (2011) |
China Korea Japan |
24 h food composite samples China: 10 adults Korea: 10 adults Japan: 40 adults |
1990s, 2007–2009 | GC‐ECNI‐HRMS |
Range of intakes China 1993: n.d.–36 2009: 390–1,000 Japan 1990s: n.d.–76 2009: n.d–93 Korea 1994: ND 2007: ND–50 |
– | – | – |
| Huang et al. (2018) | China | Meat and meat products from 20 Chinese provinces | 2011 | GC×GC‐ECNI‐TOF |
Median (range) 130 (20–560) |
Median (range) 4.7 (3–31) |
– | – |
| Cao et al. (2015) | China |
Cooking oil (n = 49) Fried confectionery products (n = 20) |
2010–2012 | GC‐ECNI‐HRMS |
Mean (range) Cooking oil: < 780 to 38,000 ng/day Fried confectionery products: 590 to 49,700 ng/day |
– | – | – |
| Chen et al. (2018) |
China (e‐waste recycling industrial park and its surrounding villages) |
Locally produced staple food samples (n = 92) | 2016–2017 | GC/ECNI‐LRMS |
Median: Adults: 15,400 Children: 34,100 |
Median: Adults: 19,500 Children: 43,300 |
– | Vegetables, Cereals, Fish |
| Gao et al. (2018) | China | Duplicate Diet study | 2016 | GC‐TOF‐HRMS |
Mean (range) Adults: 611 (316–1,101) |
mean (range) Toddlers: 705 (164–1,465) Adults: n.r. (153–1,307) |
– | – |
| Gao et al. (2019) | China |
122 food samples 7 food samples cooked (duplicate food approach) |
2014–2016 | GC‐ECNI‐LRMS |
Estimate without cooking oil Mean Males: 221 Females 227 P95 Males: 747 Females: 725 Estimate with cooking oil: Mean Males: 1,106 Females: 1,136 P95 Males: 3,544 Females: 3,594 Duplicate food approach (cooked food): 145 |
– | – | |
| Zeng et al. (2018) | China (collection area used to be an e‐waste site) |
Home‐produced eggs (n = 68): year 2013 (n = 38), year 2016 (n = 30) |
2013, 2016 | GC‐ECNI‐MS |
Mean: Adults: Year 2013: 65.4 Year 2016: 274 Children: Year 2013: 281 Year 2016: 1,180 |
Mean: Adults: Year 2013: 151 Year 2016: 193 Children: Year 2013: 651 Year 2016: 829 |
– | – |
| Wang et al. (2019b) | China |
Cereals and legumes (n = 19 pool samples each) |
2011 | GC×GC‐TOF |
Male adult: Cereals: 5,185 Legumes: 529 |
Adult male: Cereals: 3,093 Legumes: 295 |
– | – |
SCCPs: short‐chain chlorinated paraffins; MCCPs: medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins; LCCPs: long‐chain chlorinated paraffins; n.r.: not reported; GC: gas chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; HRMS: high‐resolution MS; ECNI: electron negative chemical ionisation; TOF‐MS: time‐of‐flight MS; LCCPs: long‐chain chlorinated paraffins; MCCPs: medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins; SCCPs: short‐chain chlorinated paraffins; bw: body weight.
For studies with several food categories analysed and when the information was available from the study.
The authors noted that the contribution from the dairy group is entirely based on values below LOQ (Yuan et al., 2017).
The authors noted that since the concentrations were measured and reported in a small number of samples, they may not be representative of these foods and it is not possible to calculate a reliable estimate of UK dietary exposure. The authors estimated an extreme worst‐case basis by considering that all solid food consumed by an adult (1.5 kg per day for the 97.5th percentile consumer) contained SCCPs or MCCPs at the levels determined in freshwater eel (UK‐COT, 2009).