Table 36.
Exposure to chlorinated paraffins for breastfed infants reported in the literature
| Reference | Country | Number of samples | Year | Analytical method | Estimate of exposure (ng/kg bw per day) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCCPs | MCCPs | LCCPs | |||||
| EUROPEAN COUNTRIES | |||||||
| EU‐RAR (2011) | Europe | Breast milk (from Thomas et al., 2003) | n.r. | n.r. | – | 350 | – |
| OTHER COUNTRIES | |||||||
| Health Canada (2008) | As reported by Tomy (1997) | Breast milk | 1977–1978 | Liquid–solid adsorption chromatography | 1,700 | – | – |
| Xia et al. (2017b) | China |
Breast milk 24 pooled samples (1,412 individual samples) |
2007, 2011 | GC×GC‐ECNI‐TOF‐MS |
Median (range) Year 2007: 1,310 (357–6,320) Year 2011: 1,520 (344–8,650) |
Median (range) Year 2007: 152 (43.0–554) Year 2011: 212 (43.1–450) |
– |
| Cao et al. (2017) |
China Korea Japan |
Breast milk, pooled samples China (n = 17) Korea (n = 16) Japan (n = 44) |
2007–2010 | GC‐ECNI‐HRMS |
Mean (max) China: 337 (468) Korea: 242 (246) Japan: 247 (290) |
– | – |
| Yang et al. (2018) | China |
Breast milk (n = 86) |
2014–2015 | GC–ECNI‐MS |
1‐month infant: 13,000 3‐month infant: 7,100 6‐month infant: 2,500 |
– | – |
SCCPs: short‐chain chlorinated paraffins; MCCPs: medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins; LCCPs: long‐chain chlorinated paraffins; n.r.: not reported; GC: gas chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; HRMS: high‐resolution MS; ECNI: electron negative chemical ionisation; TOF‐MS: time‐of‐flight MS; LCCPs: long‐chain chlorinated paraffins; MCCPs: medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins; SCCPs: short‐chain chlorinated paraffins; bw: body weight.