Table 8.

Estimates for intakes of dietary sterols and human plasma sterol concentrations

Sterols	Sterol intakes, in mg/day	Plasma sterol concentration
		Median or mean valuesμmol/L	Rangeμmol/L
Total cholesterol	200–550 (776)a	5,880b
Plant sterols	200–400c (1,000)d	Campesterol: 14.3e	Campesterol: 6.9–27.9e
		Sitosterol 7.9e	Sitosterol: 2.8 – 16.1e
COP	3f	0.189g	0.034–0.709(h)
POP	0.96–1.92h	0.030i	0.011 – 0.263j
	i
POP intake from 3 g non‐heated PS added to spreads in 2 human studies	0.68k , l (ORP: 0.02)	Baseline 0.012k End of treatment: 0.016k , 0.011l	–
POP intake from heated PS – Unilever study (2018)	0.3 8.7 15.1 37.2	0.039 0.091 0.144 0.203	–

COP: cholesterol oxidation products; POP: plant sterol oxidation products: PS: plant sterols.

^aAverage intakes in adults (EFSA NDA Panel, 2010), value in bracket refers to the highest P95 intake among EU countries by adults aged 35–64.

^bMean value for intakes from the normal diet reported by 45 studies reviewed and reported by Chan et al. (2006).

^cRange of typical PS intake levels for normal western diets (Klingberg et al. 2008; Sioen et al., 2011a,b).

^dValue in brackets represents high intakes reported for vegetarian & vegan diets (Jenkins et al., 2001).

^eMean and ranges for the predominant PS plasma concentrations based on 45 studies reviewd & reported by Chan et al. (2006).

^fvan de Bovenkamp et al. (1988).

^gMedian and (h) range COP plasma concentrations based on fifteen studies reviewed by the applicant (Bjorkhem et al., 1988; Kudo et al., 1989; Breuer and Bjorkhem, 1990; Dzeletovic et al., 1995; Breuer, 1995; Kuroki et al., 1995; Salonen et al., 1997; Mol et al., 1997; Babiker and Diczfalusy, 1998; Zieden et al., 1999; Murakami et al., 2000; Plat et al., 2001; Iuliano et al., 2003; Guardiola et al., 2007; Helmschrodt et al., 2013).

^hTypical intake of 200–400 mg PS multiplied by an ORP of 0.48% estimated by the applicant.

ⁱMedian.

^jRange POP plasma concentrations based on six studies reviewed by the applicant (Plat et al., 2001; Grandgirard et al., 2004a; Menendez‐Carreno et al., 2012; Husche et al., 2011; Baumgartner et al., 2013; Luister et al., 2015).

^kHusche et al. (2011).

^lBaumgartner et al. (2013).