Table 1.
Participant characteristics at enrollmenta
| Overall | T1D | T2D | Pump | Injections | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 34) | (N = 27) | (N = 7) | (N = 7) | (N = 27) | |
| Age,y, mean ± SD | 46 ± 18 | 42 ± 18 | 60 ± 7 | 41 ± 19 | 47 ± 17 |
| Sex—female, n (%) | 18 (53%) | 14 (52%) | 4 (57%) | 5 (71%) | 13 (48%) |
| Race/Ethnicity n (%) | |||||
| White | 29 (85%) | 25 (93%) | 4 (57%) | 6 (86%) | 23 (85%) |
| Black/African American | 3 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (43%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (11%) |
| Unknown/not reported | 2 (6%) | 2 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14%) | 1 (4%) |
| BMI median (quartiles) | 28.9 (25.2, 36.1) | 27.0 (24.4, 33.5) | 37.8 (32.2, 44.0) | 27.8 (21.2, 35.0) | 29.3 (25.2, 37.8) |
| Education level, n (%) | |||||
| < Bachelor degree | 17 (50%) | 12 (44%) | 5 (71%) | 5 (71%) | 12 (44%) |
| Bachelor degree | 11 (32%) | 11 (41%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (29%) | 9 (33%) |
| > Bachelor degree | 6 (18%) | 4 (15%) | 2 (29%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (22%) |
| Annual household income, $, n (%) | |||||
| < 50 000 | 14 (41%) | 11 (41%) | 3 (43%) | 5 (71%) | 9 (33%) |
| 50 000-< 100 000 | 11 (32%) | 9 (33%) | 2 (29%) | 1 (14%) | 10 (37%) |
| ≥ 100 000 | 9 (26%) | 7 (26%) | 2 (29%) | 1 (14%) | 8 (30%) |
| Diabetes duration, y, median (quartiles)b | 22 (11, 30) | 23 (11, 30) | 18 (5, 24) | 26 (14, 47) | 20 (10, 29) |
| HbA1c mean ± SDc | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 8.1 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 1.5 |
| Estimated % time in range (70-180 mg/dL)d | 48% ± 18% | 48% ± 19% | 51% ± 14% | 51% ± 24% | 48% ± 17% |
| Estimated mean glucose, mg/dLd,e | 196 ± 46 | 197 ± 49 | 189 ± 36 | 190 ± 60 | 197 ± 43 |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
aExcludes one individual who withdrew from the study shortly after enrollment and did not provide any data.
bMissing for 2 participants with T2D.
cSI conversions: To convert HbA1c to SI units of mmol/mol, multiply HbA1c percentage value × 10.93 and subtract 23.5 from the product.
dEstimated from Beck et al [26].
eSI conversion: To convert glucose to mmol/L, multiply values × 0.0555.