Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of mental health outcomes in the groups with mild, moderate, and severe internet addiction (IA).
| Mental health outcome | Model 1a | Model 2b | |||||||
|
|
|
aOR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
| HSSSc |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 2.61 (2.35-2.90) | <.001 | 2.30 (2.06-2.56) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 8.24 (7.20-9.43) | <.001 | 4.32 (3.71-5.04) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 15.74 (9.27-26.73) | <.001 | 3.55 (1.90-6.64) | <.001 | ||||
| CSDd |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 4.86 (4.10-5.76) | <.001 | 4.17 (3.50-4.96) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 30.55 (25.51-36.59) | <.001 | 18.88 (15.59-22.86) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 127.95 (75.57-216.64) | <.001 | 65.25 (35.72-119.20) | <.001 | ||||
| Psychoticism |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 2.91 (1.76-4.79) | <.001 | 1.92 (1.11-3.36) | .02 | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 29.41 (18.40-47.00) | <.001 | 4.73 (2.63-8.50) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 128.71. (58.11-285.08) | <.001 | 7.12 (2.18-23.30) | .001 | ||||
| Paranoid ideation |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 2.29 (1.44-3.65) | <.001 | 1.46 (0.88-2.42) | .15 | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 22.71 (14.76-34.96) | <.001 | 3.39 (1.94-5.95) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 101.76 (47.01-220.28) | <.001 | 5.16 (1.56-17.11) | .01 | ||||
| SMIe |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 3.14 (2.51-3.93) | <.001 | N/Af | N/A | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 16.89 (13.34-21.37) | <.001 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 67.97 (38.77-119.16) | <.001 | N/A | N/A | ||||
| Suicidal ideation |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 2.69 (2.56-2.83) | <.001 | 2.51 (2.39-2.64) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 6.03 (5.45-6.66) | <.001 | 4.24 (3.81-4.71) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 7.75 (4.43-13.56) | <.001 | 3.07 (1.66-5.65) | <.001 | ||||
| Suicidal plan |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 2.60 (2.31-2.93) | <.001 | 2.24 (1.99-2.53) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 6.77 (5.82-7.87) | <.001 | 3.31 (2.78-3.93) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 15.73 (9.12-27.14) | <.001 | 3.79 (2.03-7.09) | <.001 | ||||
| Suicidal attempt |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Mild IA | 2.35 (1.80-3.06) | <.001 | 1.98 (1.51-2.60) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Moderate IA | 6.41 (4.66-8.82) | <.001 | 2.60 (1.79-3.78) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Severe IA | 25.38 (11.66-55.22) | <.001 | 4.97 (2.07-11.94) | <.001 | ||||
aBinary logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, and year of survey; no internet addiction group as reference (1).
bBinary logistic regression adjusted for ag, gender, year of survey, and psychopathologies; no internet addiction group as reference (1).
eHSSS: high somatic symptom severity, defined according to the total score of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 using a cutoff of ≥10.
dCSD: clinically significant depression, defined according to the total score of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 using a cutoff of ≥10.
eSMI: serious mental illness, defined according to the total score of the 6-item Kessler psychological distress scale using a cutoff of ≥13.
fN/A: not applicable.