Table 3.
Sociodemographic, clinical, and biological measurements data summary for patients with diabetes who had a moderate-to-high health care services consumption in 2016.
| Characteristic | Overall (n=311,168) | High electronic contacts | Automated interaction early adopters (n=26,290) | Human-based contacts | Overall high contact (n=9736) | Electronic driven interaction (n=14,647) | |||
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|
|
Internet website (n=19,277) | Smartphone (n=13,279) |
|
Nursing-centered (n=7276) | Physician-centered (n=8137) |
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|
|
| Gender, n (%) |
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Female | 156,269 (50.2) | 8652 (44.9) | 7250 (54.6) | 15,034 (57.2) | 3939 (54.1) | 3815 (46.9) | 4649 (47.8) | 6227 (42.5) |
|
|
Male | 154,899 (49.8) | 10,625 (55.1) | 6029 (45.4) | 11,256 (42.8) | 3337 (45.9) | 4322 (53.1) | 5087 (52.2) | 8420 (57.5) |
| Age in years, median (IQRa) | 68 (60-77) | 68 (61-75) | 64 (56-72) | 72 (65-79) | 70 (61-79) | 73 (65-81) | 71 (65-79) | 65 (59-71) | |
| Immigrant, n (%) |
|
|
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No | 152,533 (49.0) | 8499 (44.1) | 6645 (50.0) | 9489 (36.1) | 3230 (44.4) | 3349 (41.2) | 3556 (36.5) | 7231 (50.6) |
|
|
Yes | 158,635 (51.0) | 10,778 (55.9) | 6634 (50.0) | 16,801 (63.9) | 4046 (55.6) | 4788 (58.8) | 6180 (63.5) | 7416 (50.6) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) |
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General | 242,022 (77.8) | 18,498 (96.0) | 10,977 (82.7) | 21,399 (81.4) | 5745 (79.0) | 6255 (76.9) | 9241 (94.9) | 14,003 (95.6) |
|
|
Arab | 60,619 (19.5) | 478 (2.5) | 2105 (15.9) | 3895 (14.8) | 1311 (18.0) | 1656 (20.4) | 313 (3.2) | 248 (1.7) |
|
|
Ultra-Orthodox | 8527 (2.7) | 301 (1.6) | 197 (1.5) | 996 (3.8) | 220 (3.0) | 226 (2.8) | 182 (1.9) | 396 (2.7) |
| SESb, n (%) |
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High | 97,556 (31.4) | 9961 (51.7) | 3625 (27.3) | 7079 (26.9) | 1895 (26.0) | 2101 (25.8) | 4535 (46.6) | 5991 (40.9) |
|
|
Medium | 126,057 (40.5) | 7729 (40.1) | 5981 (45.0) | 12,231 (46.5) | 3292 (45.2) | 3525 (43.3) | 4275 (43.9) | 7023 (47.9) |
|
|
Low | 83,677 (26.9) | 1430 (7.4) | 3511 (26.4) | 6683 (25.4) | 2041 (28.1) | 2417 (29.7) | 842 (8.6) | 1503 (10.3) |
|
|
N/Ac | 3878 (1.2) | 157 (0.8) | 162 (1.2) | 297 (1.1) | 48 (0.7) | 94 (1.2) | 84 (0.9) | 130 (0.9) |
| BMI, n (%) |
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Obese | 122,984 (39.5) | 7421 (38.5) | 6174 (46.5) | 12,154 (46.2) | 3128 (43.0) | 3336 (41.0) | 4071 (41.8) | 5351 (36.5) |
|
|
Overweight | 107,793 (34.6) | 7299 (37.9) | 4512 (34.0) | 9374 (35.7) | 2514 (34.6) | 2800 (34.4) | 3749 (38.5) | 5525 (37.7) |
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Normal | 47,193 (15.2) | 3123 (16.2) | 1819 (13.7) | 4316 (16.4) | 1307 (18.0) | 1621 (19.9) | 1666 (17.1) | 2316 (15.8) |
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Underweight | 1255 (0.4) | 48 (0.2) | 53 (0.4) | 112 (0.4) | 55 (0.8) | 97 (1.2) | 42 (0.4) | 44 (0.3) |
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Unavailable | 31,943 (10.3) | 1386 (7.2) | 721 (5.4) | 334 (1.3) | 272 (3.7) | 283 (3.5) | 208 (2.1) | 1411 (9.6) |
| Smoking status, n (%) |
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Nonsmoker | 136,815 (44.0) | 8769 (45.5) | 6669 (50.2) | 11,955 (45.5) | 3034 (41.7) | 2951 (36.3) | 4131 (42.4) | 6323 (43.2) |
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|
Past smoker | 67,300 (21.6) | 5127 (26.6) | 3086 (23.2) | 5904 (22.5) | 1582 (21.7) | 2119 (26.0) | 2835 (29.1) | 4078 (27.8) |
|
|
Current smoker | 43,190 (13.9) | 1862 (9.7) | 1813 (13.7) | 2799 (10.6) | 1191 (16.4) | 1087 (13.4) | 756 (7.8) | 2440 (16.7) |
|
|
Unavailable | 63,863 (20.5) | 3519 (18.3) | 1711 (12.9) | 5632 (21.4) | 1469 (20.2) | 1980 (24.3) | 2014 (20.7) | 1806 (12.3) |
| ACGd, median (IQR) | 4 (3-5) | 4 (3-5) | 4 (4-5) | 5 (4-5) | 5 (4-5) | 5 (5-6) | 5 (4-5) | 4 (3-5) | |
| HbA1ce, (mmol/mol) |
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n (%) | 273,491 (87.9) | 17,810 (92.4) | 12,387 (93.3) | 25,320 (96.3) | 6769 (93.0) | 7594 (93.3) | 9373 (96.3) | 12,936 (88.3) |
|
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Mean (SD) | 7.19 (1.46) | 6.86 (1.13) | 7.19 (1.46) | 7.22 (1.42) | 7.24 (1.57) | 7.26 (1.60) | 6.91 (1.17) | 7.15 (1.37) |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) |
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n (%) | 282,583 (90.8) | 18,399 (95.4) | 12,713 (96.0) | 25,849 (98.3) | 6973 (95.8) | 7875 (96.8) | 9586 (98.5) | 13,232 (80.3) |
|
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Mean (SD) | 167.78 (41.08) | 165.51 (39.4) | 166.77 (40.54) | 161.96 (39.28) | 169.36 (44.28) | 159.30 (44.77) | 160.79 (39.47) | 165.85 (40.10) |
| Adherence, n (%) |
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Not treated | 65,873 (21.2) | 4020 (20.9) | 2487 (18.7) | 4278 (16.3) | 1552 (21.3) | 2094 (25.7) | 1889 (19.4) | 2411 (16.5) |
|
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0% | 10,501 (3.4) | 503 (2.6) | 448 (3.4) | 617 (2.3) | 245 (3.4) | 253 (3.1) | 239 (2.5) | 379 (2.6) |
|
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1%-19% | 11,990 (3.9) | 458 (2.4) | 548 (4.1) | 941 (3.6) | 357 (4.9) | 341 (4.2) | 269 (2.8) | 383 (2.6) |
|
|
20%-39% | 17,573 (5.6) | 723 (3.8) | 823 (6.2) | 1346 (5.1) | 489 (6.7) | 462 (5.7) | 346 (3.6) | 544 (3.7) |
|
|
40%-59% | 27,107 (8.7) | 1325 (6.9) | 1234 (9.3) | 2156 (8.2) | 697 (9.6) | 741 (9.1) | 560 (5.8) | 1226 (8.4) |
|
|
60%-79% | 31,447 (10.1) | 1711 (8.9) | 1447 (10.9) | 2712 (10.3) | 849 (11.7) | 819 (10.1) | 804 (8.3) | 1526 (10.4) |
|
|
≥80% | 146,677 (47.1) | 10,537 (54.7) | 6292 (47.4) | 14,240 (54.2) | 3087 (42.4) | 3427 (42.1) | 5629 (57.8) | 8178 (55.8) |
aIQR: interquartile range.
bSES: socioeconomic status.
cN/A: not applicable.
dACG: adjusted clinical group.
eHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.