Table 1.
Study participant demographics, obesity and inflammation correlates, and behavioral and metabolic risk factors at wave 7 (2005-2006), and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus at wave 8 (2010-2011), from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.a,b.
| Full sample n (%) | Blacks | Whites | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | ||||
| High sex-specific waist circumference | 937 (33.7%) | 505 (42.0%) | 432 (27.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Inflammation correlates | ||||
| C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/L) | ||||
| <3.00 | 2,130 (76.5%) | 811 (67.6%) | 1,319 (83.3%) | <0.0001 |
| 3.00-9.99 | 542 (19.5%) | 308 (25.6%) | 235(14.8%) | |
| ≥10.00 | 111 (4.0%) | 82 (6.8%) | 29 (1.9%) | |
| High fibrinogen | 705 (25.3%) | 425 (35.4%) | 280 (17.7%) | <0.0001 |
| High sex-specific uric acid | 399 (14.3%) | 216 (17.9%) | 184 (11.6%) | <0.0001 |
| High sex-specific gamma-glutamyltransferase | 349 (12.5%) | 219 (18.3%) | 130 (8.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Covariates—demographics | ||||
| Race | ||||
| White | 1,583 (56.9%) | 0.0001 | ||
| Black | 1,201 (43.1%) | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1,200 (43.1%) | 460 (38.3%) | 740 (46.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 1,584 (56.9%) | 741 (61.7%) | 843 (53.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Age in years | 45.2 ± 0.07 | 44.5 ± 0.11 | 45.7 ± 0.08 | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1,581 (56.8%) | 523 (43.5%) | 1,059 (66.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Never married | 481 (17.3%) | 284 (23.6%) | 197 (12.4%) | |
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 380 (13.7%) | 220 (18.3%) | 160 (10.1%) | |
| Living in a marriage-like relationship | 203 (7.3%) | 82 (6.9%) | 121 (7.7%) | |
| Other | 138 (5.0%) | 92 (7.7%) | 46 (2.9%) | |
| Unemployed | 314 (11.3%) | 196 (16.3%) | 117 (7.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Household income < $25,000 | 400 (14.4%) | 287 (23.9%) | 113 (7.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Years of education | 14.8 ± 0.04 | 14.1 ± 0.05 | 15.4 ± 0.04 | |
| Immediate family members known to have diabetes in 2010-2011 | 0.68 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | |
| Covariates—behavioral | ||||
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | |||
| Never | 1,731 (62.2%) | 752 (62.6%) | 980 (61.9%) | |
| Former | 542 (19.5%) | 154 (12.8%) | 388 (24.5%) | |
| Current | 510 (18.3%) | 295 (24.6%) | 215 (13.6%) | |
| Binge drinker | 594 (21.3%) | 235 (19.6%) | 359 (22.7%) | 0.0468 |
| Covariates—metabolic risk factors | ||||
| High triglycerides | 229 (8.2%) | 51 (4.2%) | 178 (11.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Low sex-specific HDL cholesterol | 769 (27.6%) | 330 (27.4%) | 439 (27.7%) | 0.8582 |
| High total cholesterol | 923 (33.1%) | 393 (32.7%) | 530 (33.5%) | 0.6647 |
| High blood pressure | 264 (9.5%) | 184 (15.3%) | 80 (5.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Likely to have T2DM in 2010-2011 | 146 (5.2%) | 92 (7.7%) | 54 (3.4%) | <0.0001 |
aContinuous variables are expressed as mean ± SEM, categorical variables are expressed as n (%). bAll independent variables and covariates except immediate family members known to have diabetes were measured in wave 7 (2005-2006).