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. 2020 Aug 26;18:136. doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-00631-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — α-ketoglutarate, acetyl-coenzyme A and palmitic acid affect multiple signaling pathways via different mechanisms. On top, α-ketoglutarate is shown which is directly implicated in metabolic pathways and its levels are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHc, Electron microscopy data bank ID, EMDB-0108). In the middle, acetyl-coenzyme A is shown, a central metabolite of the cell’s bioenergetic pathways that is produced by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc (EMD-7610)) and affects multiple signaling pathways through different mechanisms. On the bottom, palmitic acid is shown, a main product of de novo lipogenesis, carried out by the fatty acid synthase (FAS, (EMD-4577)) and can influence different signaling targets, directly or through post-translational modifications. Illustrations of the OGDHc E2o core, the PDHc E2p core and the FAS complex were made using ChimeraX (https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimerax/)