Table 1.
Baseline information of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus included in the study
| Characteristics | Total (n = 1519) | Low group HbA1c < 7% (n = 883) |
Median group 7% ≤ HbA1c < 8% (n = 333) |
High group HbA1c ≥8% (n = 303) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD), years | 72 ± 6.3 | 71.8 ± 6.3 | 72.3 ± 6.3 | 72.1 ± 6 | 0.371 |
| Age, years, n (%) | |||||
| 55–64 | 249 (16.4) | 155 (17.6) | 52 (15.6) | 42 (13.9) | 0.483 |
| 65–74 | 723 (47.6) | 413 (46.8) | 155 (46.5) | 155 (51.2) | |
| ≥ 75 | 547 (36) | 315 (35.7) | 126 (37.8) | 106 (35) | |
| Cr | 70.2 ± 26.2 | 70.3 ± 30.1 | 70.9 ± 19 | 69.2 ± 20.4 | 0.701 |
| GLU | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 7 ± 1.1 | 9.2 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c | 7 ± 1.6 | 6 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| HDL | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.361 |
| LDL | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 0.971 |
| TC | 5.2 ± 1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1 | 5.2 ± 1 | 0.965 |
| TG | 1.7 ± 1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 0.01 |
| UA | 327.1 ± 89.7 | 326.3 ± 86.5 | 339.3 ± 95 | 316.1 ± 91.5 | 0.005 |
| ApoE23 | 1078 (90.4) | 621 (91.2) | 241 (90.9) | 216 (87.4) | 0.218 |
| ApoE4 | 115 (9.6) | 60 (8.8) | 24 (9.1) | 31 (12.6) | |
| Sex | |||||
| male | 580 (38.2) | 345 (39.1) | 126 (37.8) | 109 (36) | 0.625 |
| female | 939 (61.8) | 538 (60.9) | 207 (62.2) | 194 (64) | |
| Education | |||||
| Elementary school and below | 534 (36.1) | 280 (32.6) | 137 (42.2) | 117 (39.9) | 0.003 |
| High school and above | 944 (63.9) | 580 (67.4) | 188 (57.8) | 176 (60.1) | |
| Live Alone | |||||
| yes | 104 (6.9) | 64 (7.3) | 23 (6.9) | 17 (5.6) | 0.619 |
| no | 1413 (93.1) | 818 (92.7) | 309 (93.1) | 286 (94.4) | |
| income | |||||
| The monthly per capita income in the family ≤3000 | 1098 (79.6) | 643 (80.8) | 235 (77.3) | 220 (78.9) | 0.413 |
| The monthly per capita income in the family > 3000 | 281 (20.4) | 153 (19.2) | 69 (22.7) | 59 (21.1) | |
| Participation in healthcare seminar/consulting at least once a month | |||||
| yes | 902 (61.2) | 534 (62.4) | 195 (59.8) | 173 (59.2) | 0.539 |
| no | 572 (38.8) | 322 (37.6) | 131 (40.2) | 119 (40.8) | |
| smoke | |||||
| no | 1361 (89.6) | 795 (90) | 303 (91) | 263 (86.8) | 0.181 |
| yes | 158 (10.4) | 88 (10) | 30 (9) | 40 (13.2) | |
| drink | |||||
| no | 1334 (87.8) | 774 (87.7) | 287 (86.2) | 273 (90.1) | 0.313 |
| yes | 185 (12.2) | 109 (12.3) | 46 (13.8) | 30 (9.9) | |
| Physical Activity | |||||
| Exercise less than 30 min/day | 363 (24.6) | 218 (25.3) | 78 (24) | 67 (22.9) | 0.671 |
| Exercise more than 30 min/day | 1115 (75.4) | 642 (74.7) | 247 (76) | 226 (77.1) | |
| High-protein diet | |||||
| High-protein diet<=1 item | 276 (18.2) | 160 (18.1) | 50 (15) | 66 (21.8) | 0.087 |
| High-protein diet: 2–3 items | 1243 (81.8) | 723 (81.9) | 283 (85) | 237 (78.2) | |
| Intake of fruits/vegetables more than twice a day | |||||
| no | 165 (10.9) | 90 (10.2) | 33 (9.9) | 42 (13.9) | 0.171 |
| yes | 1354 (89.1) | 793 (89.8) | 300 (90.1) | 261 (86.1) | |
| BMI | |||||
| normal | 534 (35.2) | 346 (39.2) | 98 (29.4) | 90 (29.7) | 0.001 |
| Overweight or obesity | 984 (64.8) | 536 (60.8) | 235 (70.6) | 213 (70.3) | |
| CVD History | |||||
| no | 748 (49.2) | 417 (47.2) | 166 (49.8) | 165 (54.5) | 0.092 |
| yes | 771 (50.8) | 466 (52.8) | 167 (50.2) | 138 (45.5) | |
| CED History | |||||
| no | 1131 (74.5) | 646 (73.2) | 244 (73.3) | 241 (79.5) | 0.077 |
| yes | 388 (25.5) | 237 (26.8) | 89 (26.7) | 62 (20.5) | |
| HP History | |||||
| no | 128 (8.4) | 85 (9.6) | 26 (7.8) | 17 (5.6) | 0.085 |
| yes | 1391 (91.6) | 798 (90.4) | 307 (92.2) | 286 (94.4) | |
| MMSE score (baseline) | 28.5 ± 2.2 | 28.5 ± 2.2 | 28.4 ± 2.2 | 28.6 ± 2.4 | 0.51 |
| MMSE score (follow-up) | 27.3 ± 3.6 | 27.4 ± 3.3 | 27.3 ± 3.9 | 26.9 ± 3.8 | 0.086 |
| MMSE variation | −1.2 ± 3.5 | −1.1 ± 3.3 | −1.1 ± 3.6 | −1.7 ± 3.6 | 0.022 |
Abbreviations: triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glucose (GLU), urinary albumin (UA), creatinine (Cr), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular disease (CED), hypertension (HP), mini-mental state examination (MMSE)