Table 2.

Univariate regression analysis for factors related to MMSE decline in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Characteristics	Beta (95%CI)	P-value
Female	0.15 (− 0.29–0.59)	0.505
Age, years
55–64	1
65–74	− 0.06 (− 0.56–0.43)	0.798
≥ 75	0.97 (0.42–1.51)	0.001
Elementary school and below	1.17 (0.75–1.59)	< 0.001
Lives alone, no	0.44 (−0.25–1.13)	0.208
Participation in healthcare seminars/consultation at least once a month, no	0.43 (0.08–0.78)	0.017
Smoker	0.03 (−0.59–0.65)	0.919
Drinking alcohol	−0.18 (− 0.76–0.41)	0.55
Physical Activity of more than 30 min/day	−0.4 (− 0.8–0)	0.05
High-protein diet: 2–3 items	0.3 (− 0.15–0.75)	0.197
Intake of fruits/vegetables more than twice a day, yes	0.08 (− 0.48–0.64)	0.773
Overweight or obese	−0.11 (− 0.48–0.26)	0.555
CVD History, yes	0.05 (− 0.3–0.39)	0.793
CED History, yes	0.49 (0.1–0.89)	0.015
HP History, yes	−0.23 (− 0.86–0.4)	0.476
MMSE score (baseline)	0.56 (0.47–0.64)	< 0.001
TG	−0.04 (− 0.26–0.17)	0.7
TC	0.08 (−0.41–0.57)	0.75
HDL	−0.21 (− 0.92–0.51)	0.571
LDL	−0.19 (− 0.81–0.44)	0.56
UA	0 (0–0)	0.972
Cr	0.01 (0–0.01)	0.099
HbA1c
7% ≤ HbA1c < 8%	1
HbA1c < 7%	0.05 (−0.37–0.48)	0.808
HbA1c ≥8%	0.61 (0.08–1.14)	0.024

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, UA urinary albumin, Cr creatinine, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, CVD cardiovascular disease, CED cerebrovascular disease, HP hypertension, MMSE mini-mental state examination