Table 2.
Associations with sleep disturbance, fatigue, and depression in psoriatic arthritis patients tested in univariate and multivariate linear regression models
| Sleep disturbance NRS (0–10) | Fatigue NRS (0–10) | Depression (0–3) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | p | Adjusted | p | Univariate | Adjusted | p | Univariate | Adjusted | p | |||
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | − 0.003 (− 0.051, 0.045) | 0.905 | − 0.013 (− 0.052, 0.027) | 0.525 | − 0.032 (− 0.074, 0.011) | 0.148 | − 0.021 (− 0.055, 0.013) | 0.227 | − 0.001 (− 0.011, 0.009) | 0.854 | 0.001 (− 0.009, 0.011) | 0.911 |
| Female | 1.278 (0.311, 2.245) | 0.010 | 0.387 (− 0.462, 1.237) | 0.368 | 1.165 (0.297, 2.033) | 0.009 | 0.115 (− 0.622, 0.852) | 0.758 | 0.184 (− 0.015, 0.382) | 0.069 | 0.041 (− 0.161, 0.243) | 0.689 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (n = 135), mean (SD) | 0.159 (0.047, 0.270) | 0.006 | 0.079 (− 0.019, 0.177) | 0.113 | 0.102 (− 0.001, 0.204) | 0.052 | − 0.020 (− 0.106, 0.067) | 0.656 | 0.009 (− 0.014, 0.032) | 0.447 | 0.001 (− 0.023, 0.025) | 0.944 |
| Currently smoking, number (%) | 1.909 (0.646, 3.172) | 0.003 | − 0.154 (− 1.278, 0.970) | 0.786 | 1.538 (0.397, 2.679) | 0.009 | 0.238 (− 0.716, 1.193) | 0.621 | 0.337 (0.079, 0.594) | 0.011 | 0.100 (− 0.167, 0.366) | 0.461 |
| Living together (n = 134), number (%) | 0.386 (− 0.828, 1.600) | 0.531 | – | – | 0.219 (− 0.884, 1.322) | 0.695 | – | – | − 0.196 (− 0.441, 0.049) | 0.116 | − 0.212 (− 0.455, 0.022) | 0.075 |
| Currently working* (n = 135), number (%) | − 1.413 (− 2.384, − 0.442) | 0.005 | 0.035 (− 0.853, 0.924) | 0.937 | − 1.380 (− 2.255, − 0.506) | 0.002 | − 0.031 (− 0.806, 0.745) | 0.938 | − 0.233 (− 0.433, − 0.033) | 0.022 | − 0.108 (− 0.322, 0.105) | 0.318 |
| Musculoskeletal disease measures | ||||||||||||
| PsA disease duration, years, mean (SD) | 0.021 (− 0.052, 0.095) | 0.563 | – | – | − 0.012 (− 0.078, 0.054) | 0.716 | – | – | 0.000 (− 0.015, 0.015) | 0.983 | – | – |
| CRP, mg/L, mean (SD) | − 0.020 (− 0.080, 0.039) | 0.499 | – | – | − 0.007 (− 0.061, 0.046) | 0.785 | – | – | − 0.005 (− 0.017, 0.008) | 0.456 | – | – |
| TJC68 (n = 138), mean (SD) | 0.074 (0.031, 0.117) | 0.001 | − 0.020 (− 0.067, 0.028) | 0.409 | 0.059 (0.020, 0.098) | 0.004 | 0.004 (− 0.038, 0.046) | 0.852 | 0.009 (0.000, 0.018) | 0.056 | 0.005 (− 0.006, 0.016) | 0.373 |
| SJC66 (n = 138), mean (SD) | 0.099 (− 0.375, 0.572) | 0.680 | – | – | − 0.009 (− 0.434, 0.417) | 0.967 | – | – | 0.000 (− 0.096, 0.096) | 0.996 | – | – |
| MASES, range 0–13, mean (SD) | 0.301 (0.152, 0.450) | 0.000 | 0.068 (− 0.092, 0.229) | 0.400 | 0.294 (0.162, 0.427) | 0.000 | 0.052 (− 0.089, 0.193) | 0.466 | 0.030 (− 0.002, 0,061) | 0.065 | − 0.013 (− 0.052, 0.026) | 0.504 |
| PROs | ||||||||||||
| Pain, VAS 0–100 mm, mean (SD) | 0.078 (0.061, 0.095) | 0.000 | 0.031 (0.006, 0.056) | 0.015 | 0.071 (0.056, 0.086) | 0.000 | 0.025 (0.003, 0.047) | 0.024 | 0.006 (0.002, 0.010) | 0.005 | − 0.006 (− 0.012, 0.001) | 0.087 |
| Fatigue, NRS 0–10, mean (SD) | 0.704 (0.557, 0.851) | 0.000 | 0.434 (0.230, 0.638) | 0.000 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.101 (0.067, 0.135) | 0.000 | 0.106 (0.054, 0.157) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep disturbance†, NRS 0–10, mean (SD) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.568 (0.449, 0.686) | 0.000 | 0.339 (0.183, 0.495) | < 0.001 | 0.062 (0.030, 0.095) | 0.000 | 0.007 (− 0.040, 0.055) | 0.759 |
| Depression, range 1–3, mean (SD) | 1.522 (0.722, 2.322) | 0.000 | − 1.180 (− 0.902, 0.542) | 0.622 | 1.992 (1.317, 2.667) | 0.000 | 1.242 (0.655, 1.830) | < 0.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| MHAQ, range 0–3, mean (SD) | 4.153 (3.117, 5.188) | 0.000 | 1.753 (0.225, 3.281) | 0.025 | 3.331 (2.359, 4.304) | 0.000 | 0.085 (− 1.287, 1.457) | 0.902 | 0.392 (0.147, 0.637) | 0.002 | 0.177 (− 0.171, 0.525) | 0.316 |
| Exercise ≥ 1 time per week, number (%) | − 1.060 (− 2.039, − 0.080) | 0.034 | − 0.710 (− 1.481, 0.060) | 0.070 | − 0.523 (− 1.413, 0.366) | 0.247 | – | – | − 0.109 (− 0.310, 0.092) | 0.285 | – | – |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||||
| Comorbidities (n = 136), (range 0–8) mean (SD) | 0.367 (− 0.164, 0.897) | 0.174 | − 0.074 (− 0.557, 0.410) | 0.763 | 0.436 (− 0.038, 0.910) | 0.071 | 0.001 (− 0.424, 0.427) | 0.995 | 0.049 (− 0.059, 0.157) | 0.369 | – | – |
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| PASI, range 0–72 (n = 136), mean (SD) | 0.106 (− 0.029, 0.241) | 0.121 | 0.044 (− 0.074, 0.161) | 0.463 | 0.060 (− 0.062, 0.182) | 0.331 | – | – | − 0.013 (− 0.040, 0.015) | 0.354 | – | – |
| Skin itching, (n = 121) | 1.253 (0.040, 2.467) | 0.043 | − 0.858 (− 1.893, 0.177) | 0.103 | 1.905 (0.860, 2.950) | 0.000 | 0.776 (− 0.094, 1.647) | 0.080 | 0.045 (− 0.201, 0.291) | 0.719 | – | – |
| Treatment | ||||||||||||
| Current bDMARD, number (%) (n = 136) | 0.255 (− 0.806, 1.316) | 0.635 | – | 0.366 (− 0.583, 1.315) | 0.447 | – | – | 0.109 (− 1.106, 0.323) | 0.318 | – | – | |
| Current csDMARD, number (%) | − 0.101 (− 1.107, 0.904) | 0.842 | – | 0.415 (− 0.485, 1.316) | 0.363 | – | – | − 0.044 (− 0.247, 0.160) | 0.672 | – | – | |
Only variables with a p value < 0.20 in the univariate analysis were tested in the multivariate analysis, which was adjusted for age, gender, and BMI independent of their significance in the univariate analyses. Apart from age, gender, and BMI, only variables with at p value < 0.2 are displayed in the multivariate analysis
NRS numbering rating scale, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, PsA psoriatic arthritis, CRP C-reactive protein, TJC tender joint count, SJC swollen joint count, MASES Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score, VAS visual analogue scale, MHAQ Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire, PASI Psoriasis Area Severity Index, bDMARD biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, csDMARD conventional synthetic DMARD