Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics among the analytic cohort (N = 6,529) and in the cohort that survived until the follow-up in-home visit (N = 3,586), by CKD awareness status at baseline.
| Analytic cohort, Aware of CKD at Baseline (n = 285) |
Analytic cohort, Not aware of CKD at Baseline (n = 6,244) |
p-values | Surviving cohort, Aware of CKD at Baseline (n = 106) |
Surviving cohort, Not aware of CKD at Baseline (n = 3,480) |
p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 45-59 | 23 | 18 | <0.001 | 34 | 26 | 0.042 |
| 60-69 | 41 | 32 | 42 | 39 | ||
| 70-79 | 26 | 35 | 23 | 29 | ||
| ≥80 | 10 | 15 | 2 | 7 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 58 | 46 | <0.001 | 54 | 41 | 0.010 |
| Female | 42 | 54 | 46 | 59 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 50 | 47 | 0.409 | 53 | 49 | 0.403 |
| White | 50 | 53 | 47 | 51 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 23 | 18 | 0.025 | 20 | 14 | 0.295 |
| High school graduate | 31 | 27 | 30 | 27 | ||
| Some college | 21 | 26 | 24 | 27 | ||
| College graduate and above | 24 | 28 | 26 | 32 | ||
| Income (per year) | ||||||
| Less than $20k | 31 | 24 | 0.048 | 21 | 21 | 0.219 |
| $20k – 34k | 29 | 28 | 34 | 26 | ||
| $35k – 74k | 23 | 25 | 28 | 28 | ||
| $75k and above | 6 | 9 | 7 | 13 | ||
| Refused | 11 | 14 | 10 | 13 | ||
| Insurance status | ||||||
| Yes | 95 | 95 | 0.694 | 93 | 93 | 0.878 |
| No | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 56 | 52 | 0.101 | 65 | 54 | 0.031 |
| Not married | 44 | 48 | 35 | 46 | ||
| Urban group* | ||||||
| Urban (≥75% urban) | 78 | 81 | 0.331 | 80 | 80 | 0.997 |
| Mixed (25-75% urban) | 12 | 9 | 10 | 10 | ||
| Rural (≤25% urban) | 10 | 9 | 11 | 11 | ||
| Region | ||||||
| Belt Region | 36 | 33 | 0.683 | 38 | 34 | 0.627 |
| Buckle Region | 20 | 21 | 19 | 21 | ||
| Non-belt Region | 44 | 46 | 43 | 45 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||||
| Hypertension | 87 | 76 | <0.001 | 81 | 74 | 0.105 |
| Diabetes* | 56 | 37 | <0.001 | 48 | 33 | 0.001 |
| CAD* | 42 | 28 | <0.001 | 33 | 19 | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 20 | 11 | <0.001 | 8 | 7 | 0.676 |
| Family history of kidney disease* | 21 | 12 | <0.001 | 20 | 13 | 0.058 |
| Current Smoking Avoidance | 88 | 84 | 0.095 | 88 | 86 | 0.591 |
| Exercise | ||||||
| None | 50 | 43 | 0.006 | 38 | 37 | 0.771 |
| 1 to 3 times per week | 32 | 32 | 38 | 35 | ||
| 4 or more times per week | 18 | 26 | 25 | 28 | ||
| ACEi/ARB use | 62 | 52 | 0.001 | 65 | 49 | 0.001 |
| Statin use | 50 | 40 | 0.001 | 46 | 39 | 0.116 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 133 [18.9] | 133 [18.8] | 0.998 | 131 [16.6] | 132 [17.9] | 0.786 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 75 [10.6] | 77 [10.9] | 0.0019 | 77 [10.2] | 78 [10.7] | 0.216 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31 [6.9] | 30 [6.6] | 0.0017 | 32 [7.7] | 31 [6.6] | 0.025 |
| Laboratory Results | ||||||
| UACR (mg/g)* | ||||||
| <30 | 25 | 31 | <0.001 | 27 | 32 | <0.001 |
| 30 – 299.9 | 41 | 57 | 49 | 60 | ||
| ≥300 | 35 | 12 | 24 | 8 | ||
| CKD Stage (eGFR mL/min/1.73m2) | ||||||
| Stage 1 (≤90) | 6 | 23 | <0.001 | 12 | 30 | <0.001 |
| Stage 2 (60 – 89.9) | 13 | 27 | 20 | 27 | ||
| Stage 3a (45 – 59.9) | 25 | 34 | 26 | 34 | ||
| Stage 3b (30 – 44.9) | 25 | 12 | 28 | 8 | ||
| Stage 4 (15 – 29.9) | 24 | 3 | 13 | 1 | ||
| Stage 5 (<15) | 8 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.1 | ||
Among participants without missing values.
Values are percentages for categorical variables and mean [standard deviation] for continuous variables. Percentages may not add to 100% due to rounding.
The belt region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The buckle region includes areas of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
CKD – chronic kidney disease; CAD – coronary artery disease; ACEi/ARB - angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker; SBP – systolic blood pressure; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; BMI – body mass index; UACR – urine albumin-to-creatinine-ratio; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate.