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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Jul 22;214:108188. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108188

Table 3.

Individual level associations between growth factors and opioid misuse at wave 8 (mean age = 18.3), with and without controlling for past substance use

Variable		Not controlling for prior AOD use	Controlling for prior AOD use
Individual
Resistance self-efficacy	Intercept	−0.79 (0.11)^*	−0.32 (0.29)
	Slope	−3.81 (0.34)^*	0.46 (1.37)
Positive expectancies	Intercept	0.22 (0.10)^*	0.32 (0.13)^*
	Slope	−0.16 (0.11)	1.77 (0.91)^†
Family
Sibling use	Intercept	0.71 (0.12)^*	0.37 (0.15)^*
	Slope	2.21 (0.63)^*	−0.92 (0.76)
Adult use	Intercept	0.75 (0.12)^*	0.10 (0.14)
	Slope	0.79 (0.99)	−2.80 (1.08)^*
Peers
Perceived norms	Intercept	0.28 (0.05)^*	0.11 (0.06)
	Slope	0.66 (0.18)^*	−0.40 (0.26)
Time spent with peers who use	Intercept	0.74 (0.11)^*	0.06 (0.26)
	Slope	2.80 (0.36)^*	−1.69 (1.14)
Peer approval of use	Intercept	1.32 (0.12)^*	0.68 (0.23)^*
	Slope	6.37 (0.66)^*	2.41 (1.45)

Note:

^*

p < 0.05;

^†

p = 0.05.

AOD = alcohol and other drugs.