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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Jul 22;214:108188. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108188

Table 4.

Individual level associations between growth factors and opioid misuse at wave 11 (mean age = 21.6), with and without controlling for past substance use

Variable		Not controlling for prior AOD use	Controlling for prior AOD use
Individual
Resistance self-efficacy	Intercept	−0.78 (0.13)^*	−0.44 (0.35)
	Slope	−3.35 (0.40)^*	−0.34 (1.68)
Positive expectancies	Intercept	0.60 (0.10)^*	0.29 (0.15) ^†
	Slope	3.64 (0.53)^*	1.58 (0.97)
Family
Sibling use	Intercept	0.53 (0.14)^*	0.16 (0.17)
	Slope	0.99 (0.75)	−1.76 (0.89) ^†
Adult use	Intercept	0.62 (0.14)^*	0.08 (0.16)
	Slope	2.14 (0.93)^*	−0.51 (1.01)
Peers
Perceived norms	Intercept	0.13 (0.08)	−0.05 (0.10)
	Slope	0.77 (0.21)^*	−0.11 (0.30)
Time spent with peers who use	Intercept	0.40 (0.13)^*	−0.43 (0.31)
	Slope	2.56 (0.37)^*	−1.70 (1.31)
Peer approval of use	Intercept	0.88 (0.14)^*	0.26 (0.29)
	Slope	4.98 (0.68)^*	1.55 (1.64)

Note:

^*

p < 0.05;

^†

p = 0.05.

AOD = alcohol and other drugs.