Table 2. Nonmedication Treatments Offered, by OAT Availabilitya.
| Total | OAT availability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maintenance | Detoxification only | P value, detoxification vs maintenanceb | Not available or unclear | P value, not available or unclear vs maintenanceb | ||
| No. of programs | 368 | 107 | 114 | 143 | ||
| No. of non-OAT treatments offered, median (IQR) | 3 (1-5) | 4 (2-6) | 5 (3-6) | .22 | 2 (1-4) | <.001 |
| Top 10 non-OAT treatments offered, No. (%)c | ||||||
| 12-Step program | 335 (92) | 95 (90) | 109 (96) | .13 | 129 (91) | .92 |
| Cognitive behavior therapy | 106 (29) | 26 (24) | 48 (42) | .005 | 32 (22) | .72 |
| Yoga | 65 (18) | 27 (25) | 28 (25) | .91 | 10 (7) | <.001 |
| Dialectical behavior therapy | 59 (16) | 23 (21) | 23 (20) | .81 | 13 (9) | .006 |
| Relapse prevention | 53 (14) | 19 (18) | 13 (11) | .18 | 21 (15) | .51 |
| Meditation or mindfulness | 51 (14) | 16 (15) | 24 (21) | .24 | 11 (8) | .07 |
| Group therapy | 37 (10) | 17 (16) | 5 (4) | .004 | 15 (10) | .21 |
| Art therapy | 35 (10) | 10 (9) | 17 (15) | .22 | 8 (6) | .26 |
| Animal therapy (eg, dogs, horses) | 34 (9) | 13 (12) | 19 (17) | .34 | 2 (1) | <.001 |
| Exercise program | 32 (9) | 9 (8) | 15 (13) | .26 | 8 (6) | .38 |
Abbreviation: OAT, opioid agonist therapy.
Facilities with missing data on OAT availability (n = 3), 12-step program availability (n = 3), or both (n = 1) were excluded from all estimates.
P values were estimated using a Wilcoxon rank sum test (No. of non-OAT treatments) or a χ2 test (individual non-OAT treatments).
Multiple answers per program were possible. There were 38 total treatments offered by 5 or more residential programs. The 28 other treatments offered were eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (n=31 programs), family programming (n=30), outdoor/adventure programming (n=30), SMART Recovery (n=28), trauma-based programming (n=27), acupuncture (n=26), music therapy n=(24), massage (n=22), faith-based programming (n=21), anger management (n=14), coping skills (n=14), general education (n=13), general individual therapy (n=12), nutrition (n=11), refuge recovery (n=10), life skills (n=10), biofeedback (n=10), process group (n=8), chiropractor (n=7), seeking safety (n=7), breathing exercises (n=6), rational emotive behavioral therapy (n=6), emotion management (n=6), experiential therapy (n=6), psychoeducation (n=6), brain mapping (n=5), health and wellness programming (n=5), and trigger awareness (n=5).