Table 2.

Surgeon-rated difficulty in visualization

	Before Epinephrinea		Before Cementinga		P value
	Epinephrine group	No epinephrine group	Epinephrine group	No epinephrine group
	(N = 51)	(N = 50)	(N = 51)	(N = 50)
0 No Difficulty	0 (0.0%)	NA	42 (82.3%)	41 (82.0%)	< 0.01§# 0.96§##
1 Some difficulty, but did not affect the case	6 (11.8%)	NA	8 (15.7%)	8 (16.0%)
2 Moderate difficulty	12 (23.5%)	NA	1 (2.0%)	1 (2.0%)
3 Severe difficulty	33 (64.7%)	NA	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)

^aThe values are given as the number of patients, with the percentage in parentheses

§Significance was determined with use of the Mann-Whitney U test

# P value was calculated for difference in Epinephrine group between before and after use of epinephrine

## P value was calculated for difference between Epinephrine and No Epinephrine groups before cementing