Table 2.
The association between the use of opioid and its derivatives, and other variables (cigarette smoking and alcohol) and the incidence of lung cancer
| Variable | Cases N (%) | Controls N (%) | Crude OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opium use | ||||
| Never | 57 (40. 71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
| Ever | 83 (59.28) | 55 (19.64) | 9.73 (5.21–18.15) | 5.95 (1.87–18.92) |
| Amount of daily opium use | ||||
| Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
| ≤ Median (4.5 g per day)b | 36 (25.71) | 29 (10.36) | 6.83 (3.40–13.73) | 3.81 (1.13–12.77) |
| > Median (4.5 g per day) | 47 (33.57) | 26 (9.29) | 12.46 (5.76–26.92) | 9.36 (2.05–42.72) |
| Duration of opium use | ||||
| Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
| ≤ Median (20 years) b | 41 (29.29) | 30 (10.71) | 7.32 (3.70–14.49) | 3.47 (1.13–10.62) |
| > Median (20 years) | 42 (30.00) | 25 (8.93) | 12.98 (5.72–29.48) | 5.50 (1.32–22.91) |
| Cumulative use of Opiumc | ||||
| Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
| ≤ Median (87.5 g-years)b | 46 (32.86) | 28 (10.00) | 4.22 (1.44–12.30) | 3.95 (1.29–12.12) |
| > Median (87.5 g-years) | 37 (26.43) | 27 (9.64) | 8.60 (1.77–41.63) | 4.79 (0. 88–26.08) |
| Age at start of opium use | ||||
| Never used | 57 (40.71) | 225 (80.36) | Reference | Reference |
| > Median (41 years) | 22 (15.71) | 27 (9.64) | 5.69 (2.40–13.47) | 4.71 (1.38–16.08) |
| ≤ Median (41 years)b | 61 (43.57) | 28 (10.00) | 11.90 (6.02–23.53) | 8.64 (1.90–39.18) |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| Never | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
| Ever | 81 (57.86) | 75 (26.79) | 5.89 (3.30–10.50) | 1.43 (0.50–4.10) |
| Daily cigarette smoking | ||||
| Never used | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
| ≤ Median (33 cigarettes per day) b | 23 (16.43) | 40 (14.29) | 3.19 (1.54–6.58) | 1.10 (0.28–4.27) |
| > Median (33 cigarettes per day) | 58 (41.43) | 35 (12.50) | 8.29 (4.35–15.79) | 1.36 (0.43–4.34) |
| Duration of cigarette smoking | ||||
| Never used | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
| ≤ Median (30 years)b | 40 (28.57) | 42 (15.00) | 4.74 (2.49–9.02) | 1.09 (0.32–3.72) |
| > Median (30 years) | 41 (29.29) | 33 (11.79) | 8.39 (3.90–18.06) | 2.28 (0.59–8.77) |
| Cumulative use of cigarette smokingc | ||||
| Never used | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
| ≤ Median (49.5 pack-years)b | 23 (16.43) | 38 (13.57) | 3.11 (1.52–6.40) | 1.83 (0.49–6.73) |
| > Median (49.5 pack-years) | 58 (41.43) | 37 (13.21) | 9.04 (4.60–17.70) | 1.76 (0.57–5.42) |
| Age at start of cigarette smoking | ||||
| Never use | 59 (42.14) | 205 (73.21) | Reference | Reference |
| > Median (30 years) | 62 (44.29) | 61 (95.71) | 5.45 (3.01–9.89) | 4.71 (1.38–16.08) |
| ≤ Median (30 years)b | 19 (13.57) | 14 (5.0) | 8.48 (3.44–20.85) | 8.64 (1.90–39.18) |
| Alcohol Use | ||||
| Never | 135 (96.43) | 277 (98.93) | Reference | Reference |
| Ever | 5 (3.57) | 3 (1.07) | 3.33 (0.79–20.85) | 2.34 (0.23–23.86) |
aSpecific dietary factors such as the use of meat, fruit and vegetables, hydrogenated fats, olive oil, as well as other main exposures (cigarette smoking and alcohol) and education were controlled. bMedian of use in the control group was considered as the cut off point. cCumulative use was obtained by multiplying the amount of use (per day) and the duration of use (per year)