Table 4.
Odds ratios from multilevel logistic regression analysis examining variations in current use of contraception among adolescent girls aged 15–19 years in Zambia, ZDHS 1996–2013/14
| 1996 (n = 1181) |
2001/2 (n = 1042) |
2007 (n = 795) |
2013/14 (n = 1879) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current Contraceptive Use | AOR | p-values | [95% | CI] | AOR | p-values | [95% | CI] | AOR | p-values | [95% | CI] | AOR | p-values | [95% | CI] |
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| 15 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| 16 | 2.252 | 0.171 | (0.705 | 7.194) | 0.494 | 0.139 | (0.195 | 1.256) | 1.063 | 0.885 | (0.464 | 2.435) | 1.049 | 0.889 | (0.534 | 2.063) |
| 17 | 1.733 | 0.352 | (0.544 | 5.521) | 0.768 | 0.524 | (0.342 | 1.728) | 0.762 | 0.516 | (0.335 | 1.732) | 1.031 | 0.927 | (0.539 | 1.970) |
| 18 | 2.872 | 0.062 | (0.947 | 8.706) | 1.058 | 0.884 | (0.494 | 2.265) | 1.425 | 0.372 | (0.655 | 3.101) | 2.717 | 0.001 | (1.496 | 4.935) |
| 19 | 4.175 | 0.012 | (1.377 | 12.656) | 1.291 | 0.511 | (0.603 | 2.764) | 2.667 | 0.011 | (1.255 | 5.668) | 1.825 | 0.050 | (1.001 | 3.328) |
| Province | ||||||||||||||||
| Central | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| Copperbelt | 1.345 | 0.544 | (0.516 | 3.504) | 2.671 | 0.017 | (1.193 | 5.978) | 1.262 | 0.640 | (0.477 | 3.341) | 0.904 | 0.750 | (0.484 | 1.687) |
| Eastern | 3.147 | 0.017 | (1.230 | 8.052) | 1.425 | 0.425 | (0.596 | 3.406) | 2.257 | 0.062 | (0.959 | 5.311) | 0.937 | 0.817 | (0.542 | 1.620) |
| Luapula | 0.539 | 0.319 | (0.159 | 1.819) | 3.234 | 0.004 | (1.445 | 7.238) | 0.390 | 0.117 | (0.120 | 1.265) | 0.602 | 0.161 | (0.296 | 1.224) |
| Lusaka | 1.705 | 0.273 | (0.657 | 4.427) | 3.731 | 0.001 | (1.671 | 8.332) | 1.280 | 0.591 | (0.521 | 3.143) | 1.302 | 0.354 | (0.745 | 2.273) |
| Muchinga | 0.793 | 0.472 | (0.421 | 1.493) | ||||||||||||
| Northern | 2.871 | 0.030 | (1.109 | 7.437) | 1.559 | 0.257 | (0.724 | 3.359) | 0.976 | 0.961 | (0.375 | 2.541) | 0.703 | 0.253 | (0.384 | 1.287) |
| North western | 6.043 | 0.000 | (2.301 | 15.875) | 2.274 | 0.039 | (1.041 | 4.967) | 2.408 | 0.050 | (1.000 | 5.800) | 1.033 | 0.908 | (0.592 | 1.803) |
| Southern | 1.302 | 0.619 | (0.460 | 3.688) | 1.763 | 0.189 | (0.756 | 4.110) | 1.108 | 0.822 | (0.453 | 2.713) | 1.110 | 0.719 | (0.630 | 1.954) |
| Western | 2.301 | 0.080 | (0.905 | 5.853) | 1.735 | 0.208 | (0.736 | 4.093) | 5.967 | 0.000 | (2.598 | 13.706) | 1.406 | 0.238 | (0.799 | 2.475) |
| Residence | ||||||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 0.556 | 0.040 | (0.317 | 0.974) | 0.827 | 0.422 | (0.520 | 1.315) | 0.658 | 0.051 | (0.432 | 1.002) | 0.654 | 0.002 | (0.499 | 0.859) |
| Highest Level of Education | ||||||||||||||||
| No Education | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| Primary | 2.057 | 0.061 | (0.968 | 4.371) | 1.195 | 0.562 | (0.655 | 2.179) | 3.525 | 0.008 | (1.386 | 8.964) | 2.928 | 0.032 | (1.099 | 7.801) |
| Secondary | 3.080 | 0.009 | (1.322 | 7.175) | 2.330 | 0.015 | (1.179 | 4.606) | 3.389 | 0.015 | (1.263 | 9.092) | 3.584 | 0.011 | (1.333 | 9.636) |
| Current Marital Status | ||||||||||||||||
| Never in union | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| Married/Living with Partner | 1.934 | 0.003 | (1.258 | 2.975) | 2.867 | 0.000 | (1.928 | 4.263) | 2.408 | 0.000 | (1.562 | 3.712) | 4.131 | 0.000 | (3.071 | 5.559) |
| Widowed/Separated/Divorced | 0.708 | 0.551 | (0.227 | 2.207) | 0.837 | 0.727 | (0.309 | 2.271) | 3.199 | 0.016 | (1.247 | 8.208) | 1.423 | 0.351 | (0.678 | 2.984) |
| Currently Working | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.614 | 0.023 | (1.070 | 2.436) | 1.276 | 0.243 | (0.847 | 1.921) | 1.392 | 0.127 | (0.911 | 2.127) | 1.345 | 0.037 | (1.018 | 1.777) |
| sigma_u | 0.565 | (0.261 | 1.223) | 0.004 | (0.000 | 120,604.000) | 0.005 | (3.04E-16 | 8.78E-10) | 0.281 | (0.051 | 1.538) | ||||
| rho | 0.088 | (0.020 | 0.313) | 0.000 | (0.000 | 1.000) | 8.12E-06 | (2.81E-32 | 1.000) | 0.023 | (0.001 | 0.418) | ||||