Early bacterial killing activity of AA139, AA139-PNP, or AA139-MCL in rats with ESBL pneumonia-septicemia. At 24 hours after initiation of infection, rats were treated with a single dose of free AA139, AA139-PNP, or AA139-MCL at 0.25 mg (ca. ∼1 mg/kg). Rats were sacrificed at 2, 6, and 24 hours after administration and were dissected. Shown are the mean ± range of 2 rats per time point per treatment group. MTD, maximum tolerated dose; MFD, maximum feasible dose.