Table 1.

Independent variables used in the analysis.

Name	Description
Primary infertility	Constructed from women’s pregnancy histories. 1 = no pregnancies at time of first infertility episode.
Infertile with intent	1-“yes” to the question: “Was there ever a time when you were trying to get pregnant but did not conceive within 12 months?” or if reported having a pregnancy after a period of at least 12 months during which trying to become pregnant.
Wants a(nother) child	1=“yes” to the question: “Would you, yourself, like to have a(nother) baby?”
Race/Ethnicity	Standard US Census wording. We constructed dummy variables to compare women who identify as Black, Hispanic, or Asian to women who identify as White women. If participants chose more than one category, then they were classified as Hispanic first, then Black, then Asian, then White.
Episode category	Constructed from pregnancy histories. 1=episode within past 5 years. 2=6-10 years. 3=11-15 years. 4=greater than 15 years.
Age	Measured in years.
Family income	Measured in 10k increments.
Education	Measured in years.
Employed	1= full-time or part-time employment, 0= all other categories.
State Coverage	1= respondent’s state mandates insurance coverage for infertility treatments, 0=no mandate.
Education	Years of formal schooling.
Private health insurance	“Are you covered by private health insurance, by public health insurance such as Medicaid, or some other kind of health care plan or by no health insurance?” 1= private health insurance, 0=all else.
Important to partner	“It is important to my partner that we have children,” 1=strongly agree, 0=all else.
Partner encouraged	“Did your husband/partner strongly encourage, encourage, discourage, or strongly discourage seeking medical help or was itmnixed?” 1= strongly encouraged, 0=all else.
Fam/friends encouraged	“Did your family or friends strongly encourage, encourage, discourage, or strongly discourage seeking medical help or was it mixed?” 1= strongly encouraged, 0=all else.
Fam/friends pursue	“Have family/friends pursued medical help to help get pregnant?” 1=yes, 0=no.
Important to parents	“It is important to my parents that I have children”, 1=strongly agree, 0=all else.
Fam/friends have kids	“Thinking about your family and friends, would you say that all, most, some, few or none of them have kids?” 1=strongly agree, 0=all else.
Infertility stigma	3-item scale including questions such as “People who can’t get pregnant without medical help often feel inadequate.” Response categories ranged from (1) strongly agree to (4) strongly disagree. Alpha =.74.
Ethical concerns	Constructed by averaging of responses to six scenarios concerning reproductive technology: (1): insemination with husband’s sperm (AIH), (2) insemination with donor sperm (AID, (3) in vitro fertilization (IVF), (4) use of donor eggs, (5) traditional surrogacy, and (6) gestational surrogacy. Each item was measured with three ordered categories: (1) no ethical problem, (2) some ethical problems, or (3) serious ethical problems. Responses included 1=no ethical problem, 2=some ethical problems, 3=serious ethical problems (α = .70).
Faith in med	Measured by three questions: 1) “Medical science can be a big help to women who are having trouble getting pregnant;” 2):) “Women who have trouble getting pregnant would benefit from consulting a doctor;” 3) “With the medical advances available today, women can wait to have a baby until their late 30s and still have a good chance of trying to have a baby. (α=.749).
Religiosity	Measured by four questions: 1) “How often do you attend religious services?” 2) “About how often do you pray?” 3) “How close do you feel to God most of the time?” and 4) “In general, how much would you say your religious beliefs influence your daily life?” The items were normalized and averaged; they form a single factor and have a high reliability (α = .73).