Table 2. Bivariate analysis between health, socio-demographic, lifestyle, and job-related characteristics with presenteeism in Australian workers.
| Variables | No presenteeism | Presenteeism | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | ||
| Health-related characteristics | |||||
| BMI categories | <0.001 | ||||
| BMI (<25) | 39,904 | 83.62 (83.28–83.95) | 7,819 | 16.38 (16.05–16.72) | |
| Overweight (25.00–29.99) | 31,708 | 82.22 (81.84–82.60) | 6,856 | 17.78 (17.40–18.16) | |
| Obesity (≥30) | 18,560 | 74.84 (74.30–75.38) | 6,239 | 25.16 (24.62–25.70) | |
| Long term health condition | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 80,047 | 86.11 (85.89–86.33) | 12,908 | 13.89 (13.67–14.11) | |
| Yes | 10,125 | 55.84 (55.12–56.57) | 8,006 | 44.16 (43.43–44.88) | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age | <0.001 | ||||
| 15–35 years | 39,739 | 84.65 (84.32–84.98) | 7,204 | 15.35 (15.02–15.68) | |
| 36–55 years | 39,952 | 79.83 (79.48–80.18) | 10,095 | 20.17 (19.82–20.52) | |
| 56–64 years | 10,481 | 74.35 (73.63–75.07) | 3,615 | 25.65 (24.93–26.37) | |
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 46,766 | 83.32 (83.01–83.63) | 9,360 | 16.68 (16.37–16.99) | |
| Female | 43,406 | 78.98 (78.63–79.32) | 11,554 | 21.02 (20.68–21.37) | |
| Civil status | <0.01 | ||||
| Married / partnered) | 57,065 | 81.62 (81.33–81.91) | 12,849 | 18.38 (18.09–18.67) | |
| Non-cohabitating | 33,107 | 80.41 (80.03–80.79) | 8,065 | 19.59 (19.21–19.97) | |
| Education | <0.01 | ||||
| Year 12 or below | 32,986 | 81.91 (81.53–82.29) | 7,284 | 18.09 (17.71–18.47) | |
| Professional qualification | 29,814 | 80.25 (79.85–80.65) | 7,336 | 19.75 (19.35–20.15) | |
| University qualification | 27,372 | 81.30 (80.88–81.72) | 6,294 | 18.70 (18.28–19.12) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.01 | ||||
| Not of indigenous origin | 88,000 | 81.24 (81.00–81.47) | 20,323 | 18.76 (18.53–19.00) | |
| ATSI | 2,172 | 78.61 (77.04–80.10) | 591 | 21.39 (19.90–22.96) | |
| Remoteness | <0.01 | ||||
| Major Cities | 62,455 | 81.55 (81.28–81.83) | 14,128 | 18.45 (18.17–18.72) | |
| Regional | 26,349 | 80.18 (79.75–80.61) | 6,513 | 19.82 (19.39–20.25) | |
| Remote or very remote | 1,368 | 83.36 (81.48–85.09) | 273 | 16.64 (14.91–18.52) | |
| Household income quintile | <0.001 | ||||
| Quintile 1 (bottom quintile) | 13,017 | 78.45 (77.82–79.07) | 3,575 | 21.55 (20.93–22.18) | |
| Quintile 2 | 16,620 | 80.20 (79.66–80.74) | 4,102 | 19.80 (19.26–20.34) | |
| Quintile 3 | 18,304 | 80.41 (79.89–80.92) | 4,459 | 19.59 (19.08–20.11) | |
| Quintile 4 | 20,799 | 82.25 (81.77–82.71) | 4,490 | 17.75 (17.29–18.23) | |
| Quintile 5 (top quintile) | 21,432 | 83.33 (82.87–83.78) | 4,288 | 16.67 (16.22–17.13) | |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Smoking status | 73,379 | 81.76 (81.51–82.01) | 16370 | 18.24 (17.99–18.49) | <0.001 |
| Non-smoker | 16,793 | 78.70 (78.15–79.25) | 4,544 | 21.30 (20.75–21.85) | |
| Current Smoker | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | ||||
| Former/non-drinker | 10,948 | 76.67 (75.97–77.36) | 3,331 | 23.33 (22.64–24.03) | |
| Current drinker | 79,224 | 81.84 (81.59–82.08) | 17,583 | 18.16 (17.92–18.41) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | ||||
| Inactive | 23,282 | 78.92 (78.46–79.39) | 6,217 | 21.08 (20.61–21.54) | |
| Some activity | 29,095 | 81.17 (80.76–81.57) | 6,750 | 18.83 (18.43–19.24) | |
| Regular activity | 37,795 | 82.63 (82.28–82.97) | 7,947 | 17.37 (17.03–17.72) | |
| Job-related characteristics | |||||
| Farm Size | <0.001 | ||||
| Small | 38,510 | 80.39 (80.04–80.75) | 9,392 | 19.61 (19.25–19.96) | |
| Medium | 25,148 | 82.03 (81.59–82.45) | 5,510 | 17.97 (17.55–18.41) | |
| Large | 26,514 | 81.52 (81.09–81.93) | 6,012 | 18.48 (18.07–18.91) | |
| Hours worked/week | <0.001 | ||||
| <35 hours a week | 28,288 | 78.25 (77.82–78.67) | 7,865 | 21.75 (21.33–22.18) | |
| 35–40 hours a week | 33,049 | 82.40 (82.02–82.77) | 7,061 | 17.60 (17.23–17.98) | |
| >40 hours a week | 28,835 | 82.80 (82.40–83.20) | 5,988 | 17.20 (16.80–17.60) | |
| Employment contract | <0.001 | ||||
| Permanent | 61,060 | 81.75 (81.47–82.02) | 13,634 | 18.25 (17.98–18.53) | |
| Casual | 8,865 | 81.81 (81.07–82.53) | 1,971 | 18.19 (17.47–18.93) | |
| Fixed-term | 20,247 | 79.23 (78.72–79.72) | 5,309 | 20.77 (20.28–21.28) | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | ||||
| Professional | 22,060 | 81.08 (80.61–81.54) | 5,149 | 18.92 (18.46–19.39) | |
| Managerial | 11,986 | 82.38 (81.75–82.99) | 2,564 | 17.62 (17.01–18.25) | |
| Technical trade | 12,078 | 82.75 (82.13–83.35) | 2,518 | 17.25 (16.65–17.87) | |
| Personal services | 10,093 | 78.80 (78.08–79.50) | 2,716 | 21.20 (20.50–21.92) | |
| Clerical | 12,941 | 81.50 (80.89–82.10) | 2,937 | 18.50 (17.90–19.11) | |
| Sales | 8,199 | 81.93 (81.17–82.67) | 1,808 | 18.07 (17.33–18.83) | |
| Machinery | 5,193 | 81.48 (80.51–82.42) | 1,180 | 18.52 (17.58–19.49) | |
| Labour work | 7,622 | 78.87 (78.04–79.67) | 2,042 | 21.13 (20.33–21.96) | |
| Industry | <0.001 | ||||
| Public services | 6,076 | 81.62 (80.73–82.49) | 1,368 | 18.38 (17.51–19.27) | |
| Agriculture | 2,052 | 76.54 (74.90–78.10) | 629 | 23.46 (21.90–25.10) | |
| Mining | 1,667 | 84.53 (82.87–86.06) | 305 | 15.47 (13.94–17.13) | |
| Manufacturing | 7,327 | 82.22 (81.42–83.00) | 1,584 | 17.78 (17.00–18.58) | |
| Electricity | 927 | 83.97 (81.68–86.02) | 177 | 16.03 (13.98–18.32) | |
| Construction | 7,489 | 83.79 (83.01–84.54) | 1,449 | 16.21 (15.46–16.99) | |
| Trade | 12,034 | 82.31 (81.68–82.92) | 2,587 | 17.69 (17.08–18.32) | |
| Hospitality | 5,787 | 80.90 (79.98–81.80) | 1,366 | 19.10 (18.20–20.02) | |
| Transport | 5,633 | 81.13 (80.19–82.04) | 1,310 | 18.87 (17.96–19.81) | |
| Finance | 3,379 | 84.35 (83.19–85.44) | 627 | 15.65 (14.56–16.81) | |
| Education | 9,143 | 80.08 (79.34–80.80) | 2,274 | 19.92 (19.20–20.66) | |
| Health | 12,259 | 77.50 (76.84–78.14) | 3,560 | 22.50 (21.86–23.16) | |
| Other services | 16,399 | 81.68 (81.14–82.21) | 3,678 | 18.32 (17.79–18.86) | |
| Supervisory responsibilities | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 41,342 | 81.83 (81.49–82.16) | 9,182 | 18.17 (17.84–18.51) | |
| No | 48,830 | 80.63 (80.31–80.94) | 11,732 | 19.37 (19.06–19.69) | |
| Employee association | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 20,599 | 79.16 (78.67–79.65) | 5,422 | 20.84 (20.35–21.33) | |
| No | 69,573 | 81.79 (81.53–82.05) | 15,492 | 18.21 (17.95–18.47) | |
| Paid sick leave | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 66,664 | 81.75 (81.49–82.02) | 14,879 | 18.25 (17.98–18.51) | |
| No | 23,508 | 79.57 (79.11–80.03) | 6,035 | 20.43 (19.97–20.89) | |
| Overall job satisfaction | 90,172 | 7.73 (1.56) | 20,914 | 7.32 (1.81) | <0.001 |