Figure 3.

Strategies to reinvigorate immune responses in PDAC target many unique pathways. Shown here are select antibody and small molecule therapeutics combined with ICI in current clinical trials for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Their respective heterogenous effects on T cells, myeloid cells and CAFs in the TME are highlighted. Of note, many emerging therpaeutic strategies combined with ICI influence multiple cellular populations in the TME of pancreatic tumors. While not thoroughly evaluated, these combination strategies likely influence many other cellular subsets. Putative mechanisms of action are derived from published preclinical data and/or correlative research as part of a clinical trial. ICI, immune checkpoint inhibition; IL, interleukin; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta; TME, tumor microenvironment; cancer associated fibroblast, CAF; major histocompatability complex-II, MHC-II; CTL, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte.