Table 2.

Association between baseline serum 25(OH)D and confirmed COVID-19 mortality, and confirmed inpatient COVID-19 infection

	COVID-19 mortality				Inpatient COVID-19 infection
	Univariable		Multivariable*		Univariable		Multivariable*
	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value	IRR (95% CI)	p value	IRR (95% CI)	p value
25(OH)D (per 10 nmol/L)	0.92 (0.86–0.98)	0.016	0.98 (0.91–1.06)	0.696	0.93 (0.90–0.97)	< 0.001	1.00 (0.96–1.05)	0.888
Vitamin D deficient (25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L)	1.61 (1.14–2.27)	0.007	1.21 (0.83–1.76)	0.311	1.56 (1.28–1.90)	< 0.001	1.10 (0.88–1.37)	0.404
Vitamin D insufficient (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L)	1.29 (0.97–1.72)	0.076	1.02 (0.75–1.38)	0.919	1.33 (1.14–1.56)	< 0.001	1.06 (0.89–1.26)	0.525

Participants who died of COVID-19 had a median age at death of 76 years (interquartile range 71–78 years)

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, IRR incidence rate ratio

*Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, month of assessment, Townsend deprivation quintile, household income, BMI category, smoking status, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, self-reported health rating, and long-standing illness, disability or infirmity