Table 3.

Interactions of province-level characteristics (incidence of students, nursing homes, local labor market, and income levels) with lockdowns effects (fixed-effects panel model)

Variables	Variable of interest (VoI)
	High school students	University students	Nursing homes	Unemployment rate	Poverty rate
COVID-19 casest-1	0.482***	0.083***	0.175***	0.110***	0.095***
LD1 * COVID-19 casest-1	− 0.254**	− 0.039***	− 0.090***	− 0.058***	− 0.045**
LD2 * COVID-19 casest-1	− 0.075***	− 0.025***	− 0.037***	− 0.038***	− 0.037***
LD3 * COVID-19 casest-1	− 0.056**	− 0.007***	− 0.018***	− 0.003	0.001
VoI * COVID-19 casest-1	− 0.390**	0.032***	− 0.067***	0.016	0.042
VoI * LD1 * COVID-19 casest-1	0.215**	− 0.018***	0.043***	0.002	− 0.020
VoI * LD2 * COVID-19 casest-1	0.053*	− 0.002	0.013***	0.022***	0.016***
VoI * LD3 * COVID-19 casest-1	0.049*	− 0.005***	0.009*	− 0.021***	− 0.022***
Number of deaths	− 0.005	0.022	0.019	0.028	0.016
Number of recovered	− 0.062***	− 0.047***	− 0.061***	− 0.039**	− 0.042**
Constant	0.193	0.225	0.239	0.191	0.188
Time dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	6313	6313	6313	6313	6313
R-squared	0.479	0.497	0.476	0.477	0.471
Number of provinces	107	107	107	107	107

Standard errors are clustered by province. All variables of interest are normalized to mean 1 before being interacted with lockdown variables. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1