Table 4. Mendelian randomization inverse variance weighted estimates for genetically mimicked effects of the anti-inflammatory anakinra raising IL-1Ra (effect size) (Swerdlow et al., 2012) on testosterone (effect size) and ischemic heart disease and for genetically mimicked effects of tocilizumab raising serum IL-6r (ng/ml) (Rafiq et al., 2007) on testosterone in men and women using the UK Biobank .

	Therapy	Target	Outcome	# SNPs	Measure	Estimate	95% CI	p-value
Men	Anakinra	IL-1Ra	testosterone	2	beta	0.022	0.01 to 0.04	0.002
			IHD	2	OR	1.08	1.01 to 1.15	0.017
	Tocilizumab	IL-6r	testosterone	1	beta	0.003	−0.06 to 0.13	0.96
Women	Anakinra	IL-1Ra	testosterone	2	beta	−0.01	−0.04 to 0.01	0.24
			IHD	2	OR	0.99	0.91 to 1.08	0.86
	Tocilizumab	IL-6r	testosterone	1	beta	0.002	−0.02 to 0.02	0.84

SNPs mimicking anakinra are rs6743376 and rs1542176.

The SNP mimicking tocilizumab is rs7529229.

An effect size of testosterone is approximately, 0.23 nmol/L in women (Haring et al., 2012) and 3.1 nmol/L in men (Mohr et al., 2005).