| No drug applied. |
5 µl of the drug solution was applied to the surface of the porcine skin. A rubber ring was used to confine the liquid. |
80 µl of the drug was dripped onto a 1 cm diameter cotton pad and then the pad was applied to the porcine skin surface. |
A nano-needle patch (Nano needle, Konmison) was used to create nano-scale holes on the surface of the porcine skin and then a cotton pad with 80 µl drug was applied. |
Same as NN but used a micro-needle patch (9-pin microneedle, Konmison) instead. |
