Table 3.
Results of RMANOVA and ANCOVA after cognitive intervention
| Measures | RMANOVA |
ANCOVA |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Df | F |
Df | F |
||||||||
| Time×training | Time×MCI | Time×training×MCI | Post intervention |
Four weeks after intervention |
|||||||
| Training | MCI | Training×MCI | Training | MCI | Training×MCI | ||||||
| Global cognitive function | |||||||||||
| MoCA-K | 2 | 3.23* | 0.06 | 0.24 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 2.11 | 5.13*** | 0.00 | 0.24 |
| Attention | |||||||||||
| Digit span forward† | 2 | 4.53* | 0.34 | 1.64 | 1 | 3.51 | 0.54 | 1.44 | 11.29* | 0.83 | 0.00 |
| Digit span backward† | 2 | 4.60* | 0.09 | 0.84 | 1 | 7.83** | 0.20 | 0.52 | 2.47 | 0.03 | 0.17 |
| Visual span forward† | 2 | 1.37 | 1.22 | 2.72 | 1 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.51 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.00 |
| Visual span backward | 2 | 0.02 | 2.27 | 1.28 | 1 | 2.01 | 0.28 | 0.84 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.70 |
| ACPT_rt | 2 | 0.95 | 0.74 | 0.40 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 1.35 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.80 |
| VCPT_rt | 2 | 1.87 | 0.61 | 0 .18 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 2.92 | 0.92 |
| Memory | |||||||||||
| Learn total | 2 | 0.22 | 0.78 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.11 |
| Learn index | 2 | 0.55 | 0.66 | 1.07 | 1 | 0.04 | 2.09 | 1.74 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.31 |
| Delayed recall | 2 | 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| Delayed recognition† | 2 | 4.02* | 0.05 | 0.64 | 1 | 3.99 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 6.53* | 0.02 | 0.26 |
| Percentage of forgetting | 2 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 1.68 | 1 | 1.93 | 0.23 | 5.08* | 0.77 | 0.48 | 0.00 |
| Proactive interference | 2 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.75 | 1 | 0.74 | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 2.84 |
| Retroactive interference† | 2 | 7.26** | 1.20 | 0.40 | 1 | 14.09*** | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Executive function | |||||||||||
| Stroop interference | 2 | 0.08 | 3.05 | 0 .01 | 1 | 0.07 | 2.59 | 0.74 | 0.16 | 5.13* | 0.91 |
| TMT B_rt | 2 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 1 | 1.84 | 0.33 | 0.90 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
| Depression | |||||||||||
| K_GDS_SF | 2 | 3.66* | 0.56 | 0.56 | 1 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 7.68** | 0.58 | 1.07 |
RMANOVA was carried out with age, sex, and education as covariates. ANCOVA was carried out with age, sex, education, and test score at pre-intervention as covariates.
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001,
†
mutivariate test was used because sphericity assumption was not met in Mauchly’s test.
MoCA-K: Korean Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, ACPT_rt: Auditory Continuous Performance Test_reaction time, VCPT_rt: Visual Continuous Performance Test_reaction time, TMT B_rt: Trail Making Test B_ reaction time, K-GDS-SF: Korean Version of the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form, RMANOVA: repeated measure analysis of variance, ANCOVA: analysis of covariance