Table 2.
Main alterations of sleep architecture in psychiatric disorders
| Disorder | Major alterations |
|---|---|
| MDD | Shortened latency of the initial REM sleep, prolonged first REM period, increased total REM time, increased REM density and proportion of REM sleep, decreased non-REM sleep [142-144,245,246] |
| BD | Euthymia; Increased REM density and proportion of REM sleep, longer sleep onset latency and sleep duration, lower sleep efficiency [177,178,247,248] |
| Mania; Shortened REM sleep latency, increased REM activity and REM density, reduced total sleep time [249-251] | |
| Depression; More fragmented REM sleep periods, shortened REM sleep latency [252,253] | |
| Longer sleep onset latency, increased proportion of REM sleep, trend toward higher percentage of awakenings in bipolar depression than in unipolar depression [254-256] | |
| SCH | Comparison to healthy control; Redused total sleep time, longer sleep onset latency, lower sleep efficiency and REM latency, increased REM density, decreased total REM time, decreased non-REM stage-3 and stage-4 [216] |
| Medication naive patients; reduced total sleep time, lower sleep efficiency, increased REM latency, decreased stage-4 of non-REM sleep, increased stage-1 of non-REM [257] | |
| Duration of illness has not an effect on polysomnography parameters [216] | |
| ANX | Generalized anxiety disorder; reduced total sleep time, longer sleep onset latency, alterations in non-REM sleep architecture, inconsistent findings for REM sleep architecture and sleep efficiency [240] |
| Panic disorder; decreased sleep efficiency and total sleep time, longer sleep onset latency, REM and non-REM sleep architecture findings are less clear [240] | |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder; reduced total sleep time, longer sleep onset latency, variations in REM sleep | |
| OCD | Reduced total sleep time, increased wake after sleep onset, inconsistent findings for REM and non-REM sleep architectures [240] |
MDD: major depressive disorder, BD: bipolar disorder, SCH: schizophrenia, ANX: anxiety disorders, OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder, REM: rapid eye movement